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<title>Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident</title>
<authors>Wikipedia</authors>
<publisher>wikipedia.org</publisher>
<publishedplace>network</publishedplace>
<publishedyear>2010</publishedyear>
<edition></edition>
<category>Featured articles</category>
<section id="42241" fatherid="0" title="" lv="" priority="-1" level="1">
The Michael Brown Okinawa attempted assault incident arose from an attempted indecent assault by U.S. Marine Corps Major Michael Brown on a Filipina bartender, V. N. (initials of victim), in Okinawa, Japan, on November 2, 2002. The case received extensive attention in the Japanese media, especially in Okinawa, and the crime sparked a public debate over the U.S. military presence in Japan, the privileges of extraterritoriality, as well as the fair trial practices of Japanese legal system and the Japanese police. The case involved the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan and the U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA).
On July 8, 2004, after a 19-month trial, Brown was convicted by a Japanese court of attempted indecent assault and destruction of private property and received a one-year suspended prison sentence. As a result of this incident and others involving crimes committed by U.S. military personnel in Japan, both countries entered into negotiations aimed at modifying the SOFA in July 2003; ultimately, however, no changes were made to the agreement.
In 2009, Brown was convicted in West Virginia for a 2005 attempted kidnapping of a Vietnamese-American girl.

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<section id="42242" fatherid="0" title="Crime and arrest" lv="" priority="2" level="1">
Early in the morning of November 2, 2002, a female employee of the Camp Courtney officers' club on Okinawa drove up to the Courtney main gate and reported to base security personnel that a Marine Corps major had just attempted to sexually assault her in her car on a deserted road near the back gate of the base. She identified the Marine as Major Michael Brown and stated that during the assault the major threw her mobile phone into the nearby Tengan River. The woman was later identified as V. N. who was 40 years old, and originally from the Philippines, had lived in Okinawa for 17 years, and was married to a Japanese citizen of Okinawan descent. She reported that she had picked up Brown in her car about 1:30 a.m. after the officers' club closed and that he directed her to the deserted road behind the base and after parking, Brown tried to rape her and then threw her mobile phone into the river when she tried to call the police. The Camp Courtney security personnel called the Japanese National Police Agency (NPA). Japanese officers came and took V. N.'s report.Allen, David, "Marine major in Okinawan custody after indictment on sex crime charge," "Okinawa Marine denied bail in alleged attack," and "Filipina testifies to major's innocence."
Brown voluntarily underwent several hours of questioning at the JNP station in Gushikawa. He told Japanese police investigators that V. N. had propositioned him for sex and that, when he refused, a physical altercation ensued. During the altercation, Brown said, V. N. took his wallet and Brown grabbed her mobile phone, which he, "out of frustration," proceeded to toss into the nearby river. Brown stated that V. N. drove away but returned a few minutes later and gave his wallet back to him. Both Brown's and V. N.'s accounts agreed that V. N. had originally picked up Brown in her car after meeting him for the first time at the base officers' club that evening. Both stated that V. N. had agreed to give Brown, who was intoxicated, a ride home.Kyodo, "U.S. Marine handed over to authorities," Allen, David, "Marine major in Okinawan custody after indictment on sex crime charge," and "Okinawa Marine denied bail in alleged attack."
On December 3, 2002, the JNP issued a warrant for Brown's arrest. The Japanese government asked that Brown be turned over to Japanese authorities immediately.  Although the U.S.-Japan Status of Forces Agreement stated that service members would only be turned over to Japanese law enforcement if formally indicted, the U.S. had agreed to give "sympathetic consideration" for serious crimes in response to the 1995 Okinawan rape incident, in which a U.S. Navy sailor and two Marines raped a 12-year old Okinawan girl.Japan Times, "Japan wants U.S. Marine handed over," Allen, David, "Marine major in Okinawan custody after indictment on sex crime charge," and "Okinawa Marine denied bail in alleged attack."
The United States, in this case, decided not to turn Brown over to the Japanese authorities before he was formally indicted and restricted Brown to base on Camp Courtney.  On December 9, the JNP filed formal charges against Brown and, on December 19, he was formally indicted on charges of attempted rape and destruction of private property.  The next day, Brown, escorted by U.S. Marine Corps military police, was turned over to the custody of Japanese police at the Naha detention center.  When asked why they had waited ten days after the formal charges to indict Brown, Japanese Deputy Chief Prosecutor Junichi Okumura stated that they wanted to give Brown a chance to apologize (called jidan in Japanese) to the victim.  Since that apparently did not occur and V. N. still expressed a desire to press charges, the Japanese authorities went ahead with the indictment.Japan Times, "Japan wants U.S. Marine handed over," Allen, David, "Marine major in Okinawan custody after indictment on sex crime charge," and "Okinawa Marine denied bail in alleged attack."  The article states, "Jidan is the Japanese custom of apologizing to an injured party regardless of whether guilt is admitted. The carefully worded apologies and monetary compensation go a long way toward convincing judges of the sincerity of a defendant's remorse and often result in reduced sentences in criminal cases, Japanese legal experts have said."
On December 25, Naha District Court judge  denied bail for Brown because, "there was concern that he (Brown) might try to destroy evidence or intimidate witnesses if he was set free."Allen, David, "Okinawa Marine denied bail in alleged attack" Ikeda also said that she was concerned over the seriousness of the charges and the large discrepancy between the statements of Brown and V. N. Brown was represented at the hearing by a local Japanese defense attorney, . Akamine reported that Brown's family in the United States had begun jidan negotiations with the victim.  At this time, Brown's brother also launched a website to protest Brown's detention and to complain about what he perceived to be unfair treatment of Brown by the Japanese courts. Brown later reported that Japanese prison officials "admonished" him over the launching of the protest website by his family.
On January 9, 2003, bail was denied for Brown by the same judge for a second time. Akamine then appealed the bail decision to a three-judge panel of the Naha court who upheld the denial of bail on January 16. The Naha court scheduled Brown's trial to begin on March 13, but later changed the date to May 26 because of delays incurred by legal motions filed by Brown's attorneys.  The trial was expected to last for some time because, under the procedures of the Japanese justice system, trial hearings are usually only conducted for one or two days a month.Allen, David, "Okinawa Marine denied bail in alleged attack," "Marine again denied bail in Okinawa assault case," and "Court denies bail for Marine major for the third time."

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<section id="42243" fatherid="0" title="Pre-trial" lv="" priority="-3" level="1">
On January 24, Brown hired two new defense attorneys, Michael Griffith and Toshimitsu Takaesu. Griffith was a New York attorney who had previously represented Marines in Okinawa. Takaesu was a former Okinawa chief prosecutor.  Both were described as "outspoken critics of Japan's legal system"."Allen, David, "Marine charged in attempted rape gets new counsel"  The first week of March, another attorney hired by Brown filed a habeas corpus petition with the United States District Court for the District of Columbia claiming that the legality of Brown's incarceration was open to question due to what Brown claimed was the inherent unfairness of the Japanese judicial system.  The U.S. court dismissed the motion on March 12.Allen, David, "Marine charged in attempted rape gets new counsel," "Legal motion disputes Okinawa's claim to Marine," and "Attempted rape case goes to U.S. federal court."
Throughout the trial, Brown wrote numerous public missives about what he felt was the unfairness and corruption of the Japanese justice system and accusing the local Okinawan government of pursuing a political agenda in the prosecution of his case.  Brown's letters were posted on his family's website and informally distributed throughout Okinawa's U.S. military population.  Brown and his family also wrote many letters to U.S. politicians and government officials complaining of Brown's treatment by Japanese authorities and actively encouraged other U.S. military members and U.S. citizens to do the same.Johnson, Chalmers, "Three Rapes: The Status of Forces Agreement and Okinawa," "Allen, David, "Marine charged in attempted rape gets new counsel," "Legal motion disputes Okinawa's claim to Marine," and "Attempted rape case goes to U.S. federal court."
On March 13, an Okinawan newspaper reported that the JNP had matched DNA taken from saliva on the victim's upper body with DNA in a blood sample obtained from Brown during the investigation. Brown was again denied bail on March 17. Takaesu blamed the anonymous report about the DNA evidence in the newspaper as the reason for the bail denial and criticized the Naha District Prosecutor's Office for not including the DNA evidence in the evidence list submitted before the trial was scheduled to begin.  In reply, Junichi Okumura, a  Naha District deputy chief prosecutor stated, "Here in Japan, unlike the United States, there is no problem if evidence is submitted later".Kyodo, "DNA report angers marine's lawyer"  Brown was granted a ¥10 million bail (approximately US$100,000, c.2003) by the Naha court on May 13 but he was restricted to Camp Courtney for the duration of the trial.Kyodo, "DNA report angers marine's lawyer," and "U.S. Marine accused of attempted rape is granted bail."  Allen, David, "Okinawa attempted-rape trial put on hold as dismissal motion is weighed," "Brown's lawyers say news leak led to denial of bail request," and "Filipina testifies to major's innocence."
Brown's family hired Gene Warfield, an American ex-special forces soldier who had lived on Okinawa for 17 years, as a consultant to assist them in "looking into the allegations levied against Michael (Brown)."  On the evening of May 7, as Warfield, his Japanese wife, and daughter arrived at a restaurant on Okinawa, a man attacked Warfield with a knife, injuring him slightly.  Warfield described the man's attack as "professional". The JNP investigated, but no arrests were made.Allen, David, "Consultant for defense in Okinawa attempted rape trial is stabbed."

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<section id="42244" fatherid="0" title="Trial" lv="" priority="4" level="1">
The next trial hearing took place on June 4. At the hearing, Takaesu stated that Brown had arranged with the Camp Courtney officers' club manager to have sex with V. N., but that V. N. resisted Brown's advances after driving him to the secluded road off base. The Naha prosecutor stated during the hearing that V. N. had insisted on pressing charges.Allen, David, "Marine's accuser had rejected a settlement."
The next court session was on July 1. At this session, Satoshi Kawamitsu, an attorney for the employment agency that V. N. worked for, testified that he had tried to arrange a jidan settlement between Brown and V. N. in December 2002, but V. N. had insisted on pressing charges. He stated that he informed her that once the charges were filed, she would not be able to withdraw them until the trial began.
At the next court session on July 15, prosecutors submitted evidence that V. N. had received 13,500US$ from an unknown source just before she recanted the charges during the May court session. The prosecution submitted the evidence in an attempt to show that V. N.'s original statements and desire to press the charges were valid, and later attempts to recant were in bad faith. Brown then took the stand but refused to answer questions as to why his initial statements to Japanese police were different from what Takaesu later stated in court had actually happened on the night in question. The prosecutor asked Brown, "Your original statement that she made sexual advances was false?"  Brown replied, "I am not going to answer that."  When asked why he would not answer, Brown replied, "Because I want the opportunity for this court to see publicly the type of corruption and distortion of evidence by the police and the prosecutor." Takaesu later said that another reason for Brown's refusal to answer most of the questions was because his answers could be used by the USMC in separate military justice actions against Brown.Allen, David, "Marine's accuser got funds on eve of recant, says prosecution."
During a later court session on September 9, Takaesu attempted to submit medical evidence that Brown had suffered a back injury in 1999 and had a steel collar and bolts inserted around his spine. According to Brown, these injuries made it impossible to for him to assault V. N. as described in the police report. The Naha court panel of three judges agreed to issue a decision as to whether the evidence was submissable at a later date.Kyodo, "U.S. Marine petitions for fair trial in rape case," and "Marine major loses bid to oust trial judges." Allen, David, "Judges in Brown trial examine site of alleged crime," "Brown asks embassy to intervene in trial"
During another trial session later in September, the Naha court decided to accept V. N.'s pre-trial statements and accusations of Brown along with her later attempts to recant. Brown appealed this decision to the Fukuoka High Court's Naha branch, which dismissed the appeal. Japan's supreme court upheld the Fukuoka court's dismissal of the appeal in late November 2003. In October 2003, Brown requested that the three Naha court judges assigned to the trial disqualify themselves, stating that they were "prejudiced against him".Kyodo, "U.S. Marine petitions for fair trial in rape case" The Naha court judges declined to do so, and the trial was set to resume in January 2004.Kyodo, "U.S. Marine petitions for fair trial in rape case," and "Marine major loses bid to oust trial judges."  Allen, David, "Judges in Brown trial examine site of alleged crime," "Brown asks embassy to intervene in trial," and "With appeals dismissed, Brown trial to resume Jan. 15."
The trial resumed on January 16, 2004, when the Naha court accepted the evidence of Brown's spinal and neck injuries. Takaesu testified that it would have been physically impossible for Brown to commit a violent sexual assault on V. N.. When Takaesu called for the clothing V. N. wore the night of the alleged assault to be entered as evidence, the prosecutor, Tsuyoshi Satake, refused to present it. During a hearing in March, Brown admitted that he had lied to Japanese police about what had happened on the night in question. Brown stated that he and V. N. had engaged in some "heavy petting" in her car and that she objected when he began to take it "too far". After Brown said that he insulted her, she threatened to call the police and he grabbed her cell phone and threw it in the river.Allen, David, "Brown defense: X-rays show his bad back," and "Prosecutor seeks prison term for Brown."
On April 24, Takeshi Oda, representing the prosecution, made his closing arguments, describing the alleged crime as, "vicious and atrocious," and calling for a three year prison sentence for Brown. Oda added that the alleged crime had affected the local community, stating, "There's a feeling of anxiety among the residents because of this incident." During the same hearing, Takaesu submitted as evidence a letter Brown wrote to V. N. apologizing for using bad language with her and giving her ¥8,000 (about 75 US$, c.2004) to replace her cell phone.Allen, David, "Prosecutor seeks prison term for Brown."
Following a 19-month trial, on July 8, 2004, Brown was convicted by the Naha District Court of "attempting an indecent act" and "destruction of property" but was acquitted of the rape charge. The court gave Brown a one-year prison sentence, suspended for three years, and fined him 1,400 US$. Chief Judge Nobuyuki Yokota said Brown was given a light sentence because the 21-year Marine veteran had no prior criminal record.Selden, Mark, "Marine Major Convicted of Molestation on Okinawa," Allen, David, "Brown convicted of 'attempted indecent act,'" Citing the victim's stated unwillingness to punish Brown, the prosecution declined to appeal the verdict. Brown appealed the verdict to Japan's supreme court, which dismissed the appeal in July 2004. Brown was permanently transferred by the U.S. military to Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia in August 2004.Kyodo, "Prosecutors let Brown ruling stand," Allen, David, "Brown convicted of 'attempted indecent act,'" and "Convicted on Okinawa, Marine Brown in trouble in States."

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<section id="42245" fatherid="0" title="SOFA controversy" lv="" priority="5" level="1">
The issue became central to the demand by many Okinawans and other Japanese citizens for the significant reduction and eventual elimination of U.S. military forces stationed in Okinawa.  In the opinion of many Japanese citizens living in Okinawa, the U.S. used the SOFA to shield U.S. servicemembers who committed crimes against Japanese citizens from the Japanese criminal justice system.  The September 4, 1995, widely reported rape of an Okinawan schoolgirl by three U.S. servicemen caused the U.S. and Japan to revise the SOFA, stating that in the future, the U.S. would give "sympathetic consideration" to the hand-over of U.S. servicemembers accused of violent crimes such as rape or murder to Japanese authorities before indictment.  To many in Okinawa, the incident involving Brown appeared to fall under this new provision in the SOFA.  After the initial allegations involving Brown were publicized and before charges had even been filed, Okinawa Governor Keiichi Inamine publicly stated, "This is a heinous crime trampling on female human s. Moreover, this is a crime committed by a marine corps major, a person who should be in a leadership position."Japan Times, "Japan wants U.S. Marine handed over," and Johnson, Chalmers, "Three Rapes: The Status of Forces Agreement and Okinawa."
Japan had requested that the U.S. hand over suspects before indictment in three previous cases to which the U.S. had complied.  On December 3, 2002, Japan's national government asked that Brown be transferred to Japanese police officials for confinement, but in this case the United States declined to do until an indictment was handed down.  The U.S. embassy stated, "The government of the United States has concluded that the circumstances of this case as presented by the government of Japan do not warrant departure from the standard practice as agreed between the United States and Japan."Kyodo, "Okinawa assembly demands major's handover in rape case"  On December 10, 2002, the Okinawa Prefectural Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution calling on the United States to immediately transfer Brown to Japanese authorities and called on the Japanese national government to again demand Brown's immediate hand-over.  The resolution condemned the United States' refusal to hand over Brown, calling it, "in defiance of our country's judicial setup and in disregard of its sovereignty" and "intolerable".  Keiichi Inamine added, "I have come to fully realize anew that a thorough review of the Japan-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement is necessary."Kyodo, "Okinawa assembly demands major's handover in rape case" and Selden, Mark, "Marine Major Convicted of Molestation on Okinawa."
Because of this and subsequent incidents by U.S. servicemembers on Okinawa, including another rape of a local woman by a U.S. Marine, the governors of fourteen Japanese prefectures in which U.S. military forces were stationed urged the ruling Liberal Democratic Party "to secure a true Japan-U.S. partnership through a revised Status of Forces Agreement."  On July 2, 2003, Japan and the United States opened negotiations into modifying the SOFA, but the negotiations failed to produce any change to the current agreement.

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<section id="42246" fatherid="0" title="Subsequent arrest and conviction" lv="" priority="6" level="1">
In October 2005, Brown was arrested and charged with kidnapping an 18-year old Vietnamese-American high school student from a flea market in Milton, West Virginia on October 2, 2005.  According to the police, Brown, allegedly upset that collectible coins he had purchased a few weeks before were worthless, returned to the flea market representing himself as a police officer, handcuffed her, and drove the girl to Kanawah County under the pretense of taking her in for questioning.Cline, Carrie, "Judge Demands Resolution in Kidnapping Case", WSAZ-TV, June 5, 2009. The girl escaped from Brown’s car a few hours later after realizing he was not an officer, according to West Virginia State Police. After the arrest, the USMC demoted Brown to Captain and involuntarily retired him at that rank on February 1, 2006.Allen, "Convicted on Okinawa, Marine Brown in trouble in States", Johnson, "Flea market kidnapping case delayed for 2nd time". On August 14, 2009 Brown entered a nolo contendere plea (aka Alford pleas, from North Carolina v. Alford), meaning he did not admit guilt but did not contest that prosecutors had evidence to prove his guilt,"An accused may voluntarily, knowingly and understandingly consent to the imposition of a prison sentence even though he is unwilling to admit participation in the crime, if he intelligently concludes that his interests require a guilty plea and the record supports the conclusion that a jury could convict him." Syl. Pt. 1, Kennedy v. Frazier, 178 W. Va. 10, 357 S.E.2d 43 (1987). and was convicted on a felony charge of attempting to commit kidnapping and a misdemeanor petty larceny charge in Cabell County, West Virginia Circuit Court.  Brown was sentenced to three years probation, two years of which were to be spent in home confinement, and agreed to pay restitution and all court costs.Cline, Carrie, "Judge Demands Resolution in Kidnapping Case", WSAZ-TV, June 5, 2009.Johnson, Curtis "Flea market kidnapping still unresolved"Stars and Stripes, "Former Okinawa Marine convicted in kidnapping case", Stars and Stripes, August 19, 2009.Johnson, Curtis, "Man pleads to lesser charges in abduction", The Herald-Dispatch, August 14, 2009.
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<section id="42247" fatherid="0" title="See also" lv="" priority="-7" level="1">
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<section id="42248" fatherid="0" title="References" lv="" priority="-8" level="1">
<section id="42249" fatherid="42248" title="Notes" lv="" priority="-1" level="2">
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<section id="42250" fatherid="42248" title="Web" lv="" priority="-2" level="2">
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<section id="42251" fatherid="42248" title="Printed media" lv="" priority="-3" level="2">
Category:Japan – United States relations
Category:Okinawa Prefecture
Category:Prisoners and detainees of Japan
Category:United States military in Japan
Category:2002 crimes
Category:2002 in Japan
Category:Trials
Category:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century

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