<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<document>
<title>Blyth, Norerland</title>
<authors>Wikipedia</authors>
<publisher>wikipedia.org</publisher>
<publishedplace>network</publishedplace>
<publishedyear>2010</publishedyear>
<edition></edition>
<category>Wikipedia pages move-protected due to vandalism</category>
<section id="22115" fatherid="0" title="" lv="" priority="-1" level="1">
Blyth (, or spelling pronunciation ) is a town and civil parish in southeast Norerland, England. It lies on the coast, to the south of the River Blyth and is approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) northeast of Newcastle upon Tyne. It has a population of about 36,000.
The port of Blyth dates from the 12th century, but the development of the modern town only began in the first quarter of the 18th century.  The main industries which helped the town prosper were coal mining and shipbuilding, with the salt trade, fishing and the railways also playing an important role.  These industries have largely vanished, but the port still thrives, shipping paper and pulp from Scandinavia for the newspaper industries of England and Scotland.
The town was seriously affected when its principal industries went into decline, and it has undergone much regeneration since the early 1990s.  The Keel Row Shopping Centre, opened in 1991, brought major high street retailers to Blyth, and helped to revitalise the town centre. The market place has recently been re-developed, with the aim of attracting further investment to the town. The Quayside has also seen much redevelopment and has been transformed into a peaceful open space, the centrepiece of which is a sculpture commemorating the industry which once thrived there.  On the opposite side of the river are the nine wind turbines of the Blyth Harbour Wind Farm which were constructed along the East Pier in 1992.  They were joined in 2000 by Blyth Offshore Wind Farm, which is composed of two turbines situated  out to sea.
Blyth is also home to the non-League football club Blyth Spartans, famed for their 1978 "giant-killing" feats in the FA Cup.

</section>
<section id="22116" fatherid="0" title="History" lv="" priority="-2" level="1">
Little is known of the early development of the Blyth area.  The oldest archaeological find is an antler hammer dating from the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age period, which was found at Newsham in 1979.  Human skulls, a spearhead and a sword dating from the Bronze Age were found in the river in 1890 as well as a bronze axe which was found at South Beach in 1993 and a dagger found at Newsham.  Although there is no conclusive evidence of a Roman presence in the area, an earthwork shown on early mapping of the area, at the location of present-day Freehold Street, is said to have been a Roman camp, but it has also been argued that it may be of Viking origin or date from the Civil War.  Debate also surrounds a mosaic which was found near Bath Terrace.  The strongest evidence so far has been a single coin, dating from the reign of the Emperor Constans (AD337–350), which was found during excavations for a dry dock.
Between the 12th and 18th centuries, there were several small settlements and some industrial activity in the area.  The principal industries during this period were coal mining, fishing and the salt trade.  Shipbuilding in the area dates from 1748.
The modern town of Blyth began to develop in the first quarter of the 18th century.  Up until 1716, the land around the Blyth area—the Newsham Estate—was owned by the Earls of Derwentwater, but when the third Earl, James Radclyffe, was executed for his part in the Jacobite rising of 1715, the land was forfeited to the crown.  On 11 July 1723, the Lordship of Newsham was put up for sale by the Commissioners of Forfeited Estates at their office in the Inner Temple, London.  The land was bought by Matthew White and his brother-in-law Richard Ridley.  From the 12th century, most port activities were on the north side of the river, but under White and Ridley the first new quays and houses were built on the south side, and from here the port began to prosper.  By 1730, a coaling quay, a ballast quay, a pilots' watch house and a lighthouse had all been built at Blyth harbour.  In 1765 the first breakwater was constructed, and in 1788 the first staith with an elevated loading point was erected.   Deep mines were sunk at Cowpen Colliery and Cowpen Square in 1796 and 1804 respectively, and by 1855, a quarter of a million tons of coal was being shipped from Blyth, rising to three million tons by 1900.  The only industry not to survive during this prosperous time was the salt trade, which was heavily taxed during the 18th and early-19th centuries.  During the Napoleonic Wars, the tax was increased to provide funds for the military and, even though the tax was abolished in 1825, the industry went into terminal decline.  Having had fourteen salt pans at the beginning of the 18th century, exporting over 1,000 tons of salt annually, Blyth's salt industry closed in 1876 with the destruction of the last salt pan.
From the mid-19th century, several important events occurred which allowed the port of Blyth to rapidly expand.  First, in 1847, a railway line was constructed, connecting Blyth to collieries at Seghill.  This line combined with the existing line between Seghill and North Tyneside to form the Blyth and Tyne Railway. In 1853, the Blyth Harbour and Docks Board was formed, then in 1858 the Harbour Act was passed allowing dredging of the harbour to begin.  In 1882, the formation of the Blyth Harbour Commission led to the building of new coal loading staiths, as well as the construction of the South Harbour.
As trade in Blyth continued to grow, so did the population.  Development of the Cowpen Quay and Waterloo areas began in about 1810 and 1815 respectively, and between the 1850s and 1890s major house building took place in these areas.  Blyth railway station, first built in 1847, was relocated in 1867 and rebuilt in 1896, to cope with the increase in goods and passenger traffic.  The 1890s saw the filling in of "the Slake" (also known as "the Flanker" or "the Gut").  The Slake was a tidal inlet which stretched south from the river, across the site of today's bus station, along the route of Beaconsfield Street, and on past Crofton Mill Pit.  Before it was filled in, it almost entirely separated Blyth from Cowpen—Waterloo Bridge providing the only main link.  Once it was removed, the two areas could combine and allow the town to begin to take its present form.  The town continued to expand in the 20th century; much large-scale house building took place in the 1920s and 1930s, and from the 1950s to the 1970s.
Industry in Blyth reached its peak in the first half of the 20th century.  At this time it boasted one of the largest shipbuilding yards on the North East coast, with five dry docks and four building slipways. During the First and Second World Wars, the Blyth shipyards built many ships for the Royal Navy including the first aircraft carrier, HMS Ark Royal in 1914.  Blyth also served as a submarine base during both wars.  By 1930, the port of Blyth was exporting 5.5 million tons of coal, and by the early 1960s, reached its peak with over six million tons.  Blyth A and Blyth B power stations, collectively known as Blyth Power Station, were opened in 1958 and 1962. Blyth A was the first power station in Britain to have 120 megawatt sets installed, while Blyth B was the first to be fitted with 275 megawatt sets.
During the 1960s, Blyth entered a period of steep decline.  Following the Beeching report, the railway into Blyth was closed; and in 1966, economic depression resulted in the closure of the shipyards.  As the demand for coal fell, due to the increasing use of oil, natural gas and nuclear power as energy sources, the following years saw the closure of many collieries in the area.  By the 1980s, the only one  in the town was Bates' Pit, which closed in 1986.  In January 2002, Blyth Power Station was closed and subsequently demolished in stages, until 7 December 2003, when its four chimneys were demolished.

</section>
<section id="22117" fatherid="0" title="Governance" lv="" priority="-3" level="1">
From around the first quarter of the 18th century, until November 1900, the land to the south of the River Blyth was known as South Blyth.  It was in the Parish of Earsdon and was run by the Parish Council until 1863, when the South Blyth Local Board was formed.  Under the Local Government Act of 1894, South Blyth Local Board became an Urban District Council, then in 1906 it was amalgamated with Cowpen Urban District Council to form Blyth Urban District Council.  On the 21 September 1922, Blyth UDC became Blyth Municipal Borough Council, and in 1935 its southern boundary was moved south from Meggie's Burn to Seaton Burn.  Blyth MBC lasted until 1974, when it was amalgamated with Seaton Valley and Cramlington Urban District Councils, as well as part of Whitley Bay Urban District Council, to form Blyth Valley Borough Council.
Blyth was the administrative centre for the borough of Blyth Valley, until the borough was abolished in structural changes to local government on 1 April 2009.  Blyth Valley—which also included Cramlington and several villages—was 70 square kilometres in size and, according to the Registrar General's Population Estimate for mid-2005, it had a population of 81,600; this gives a population density of 1,166 people per square kilometre.  The two-tier local government of Norerland County Council and Blyth Valley Borough Council has been replaced by a unitary authority for the county of Norerland.  Blyth is situated in the parliament constituency of Blyth Valley, which shares its boundaries with the borough.  It is divided up into twenty wards, nine of which—Cowpen, Croft, Isabella, Kitty Brewster, Newsham and New Delaval, Plessey, South Beach, South Newsham, and Wensleydale—make up the town of Blyth.  The MP is Ronnie Campbell (Labour).
As part of Blyth Valley, Blyth is twinned with:

</section>
<section id="22118" fatherid="0" title="Geography" lv="" priority="-4" level="1">
<section id="22119" fatherid="22118" title="" lv="" priority="-1" level="2">
Blyth is at  (55.1261, -1.5138), on the coast of North East England, to the south of the River Blyth and is approximately  northeast of Newcastle upon Tyne and  north of Sunderland.  It is  east of Bedlington,  northeast of Cramlington,  south-southeast of Ashington and  south of Newbiggin-by-the-Sea.  On the north side of the river are the villages of East Sleekburn, Cambois and North Blyth and to the south of the town are the villages of New Hartley, Seaton Delaval and Seaton Sluice.  Some of Blyth's suburbs have origins which can be traced back much further than the town itself; Newsham, Bebside and Cowpen are all believed to have had habitation sites dating from the Romano-British, Saxon and Medieval periods, although most of the housing in these areas dates from the 19th and 20th centuries.  Also occupying the suburbs are several large housing estates; the Newsham Farm, South Beach and Solingen estates, and the Avenues were all developed during the 20th century.Historic maps, showing the development of Blyth from circa 1856, can be viewed and compared at Keys To The Past  As of January 2005, the land in Blyth was made up of 61.87% greenspace, 11.95% domestic gardens, 8.23% road, 4.85% domestic buildings, 2.03% non-domestic buildings and 11.07% other uses.
The geology of the area is made up of a carboniferous bedrock of sandstone, mudstone and coal, which is covered mainly by boulder clay and till.

</section>
<section id="22120" fatherid="22118" title="Climate" lv="" priority="2" level="2">
The climate in Norerland is generally cool and dry.  Compared with the rest of the United Kingdom, the weather there is relatively stable, and extreme conditions, such as floods, droughts or heatwaves, are rare.  Below are the average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average rainfall recorded between 1971 and 2000 at the Met Office weather station in Boulmer, which is around 33 kilometres (21 mi) north of Blyth.

The average maximum temperatures between April and October are around 1–2½ °C lower than the national average and the average minimum temperatures between May and August are around ½ °C below the national average; both the average maximum and minimum temperatures for the remainder of the year are about the same as the national average.  The average rainfall in Norerland is well below the national average; 651 millimetres (26 in) was recorded at Boulmer, compared to 838 millimetres (33 in) for the whole of England.

</section>
<section id="22121" fatherid="22118" title="Transport links" lv="" priority="3" level="2">
The main approach road to Blyth is the A189 "spine road" which is accessible from the A1 via the A19.  The A193 is the main road through Blyth and leads to Bedlington to the west and North Tyneside to the south.  The other main route into Blyth is the A1061.  Blyth bus station is located in Post Office Square in the town centre.  Buses in Blyth are operated by Arriva Norria and there are regular services to Newcastle as well as the other main towns in the south of Norerland and the surrounding areas of Blyth. A small number of services are operated by Go North East.
Blyth currently has no passenger rail links.  Blyth railway station was closed on 2 November 1964 following the Beeching Report.  There were also two small stations on the outskirts of the town, at Bebside and Newsham; they were closed to passenger services in 1956 and 1964 respectively.

</section>
</section>
<section id="22122" fatherid="0" title="Economy" lv="" priority="5" level="1">
<section id="22123" fatherid="22122" title="" lv="" priority="-1" level="2">
</section>
<section id="22124" fatherid="22122" title="Industry and commerce" lv="" priority="2" level="2">
<section id="22125" fatherid="22124" title="" lv="" priority="-1" level="3">
With the running down of the coal mining and shipbuilding industries, Blyth largely exists today as a dormitory town in the commuter belt serving Newcastle and North Tyneside.  However, its port still remains a major industry in the area, handling over 1.5 million tonnes of cargo annually.  Its main trades are forest products, such as paper, pulp and timber, unitised cargo (containers and RoRo) and the import of materials used in the production of aluminium.  It also handles the import of a variety of stones and metals.  A twice weekly container service between the port and Moerdijk, near Rotterdam, provides connections with the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium and France as well as South America and the Far East.  The port is operated by Port of Blyth, which is the operating division of Blyth Harbour Commission.  Port of Blyth is a trust port, which means that it is governed by its own local legislation under the control of an independent board; there are no shareholders and therefore no dividends to support, which allows any surplus to be reinvested in the port.
</section>
<section id="22126" fatherid="22124" title="Renewable Energy" lv="" priority="2" level="3">
Several renewable energy projects have been established in Blyth.  In 1992, Blyth Harbour Wind Farm was constructed along Blyth's East Pier.  Consisting of nine wind turbines and with a maximum capacity of 2.7 megawatts, it can provide enough electricity for over 1,500 homes.  It was joined in December 2000 by Blyth Offshore Wind Farm, which is composed of two turbines situated 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) out to sea.  At 2 megawatts each, they were, when installed, the largest in the world.
The New and Renewable Energy Centre (NaREC) is one of five centres of excellence set up by the North East’s regional development agency, One Northeast.  It was established in 2002 and is based at Eddie Ferguson House, by the Quayside.  Its purpose is to develop and test new energy technologies and equipment that will assist in the transition to a low-carbon economy.

</section>
<section id="22127" fatherid="22124" title="Proposed clean coal power station" lv="" priority="3" level="3">
On 11 May 2007, proposals for a £2 billion clean coal power station were announced by energy supplier RWE npower.  If the plans go ahead, it is estimated that 1,500 jobs will be created for the construction, with another 200 full-time staff required for the running of the plant, which would open in 2014 on the site of the old power station.  The development would see the installation of three 800 megawatt coal-fired units, which would generate enough energy to supply around 3.5 million homes.  These plans have, however, met some opposition; many residents living in the area feel that the land should be redeveloped for other purposes, rather than continue to be used as an industrial site.  The MP for Wansbeck, Denis Murphy, stated that, although the project would have benefits for the area, he still had concerns; Ronnie Campbell, the MP for Blyth Valley, claimed he would welcome the development as long as it did not have an adverse effect on the overall regeneration of the area.
</section>
</section>
<section id="22128" fatherid="22122" title="Urban Regeneration" lv="" priority="-3" level="2">
Commercial developments in the town centre have also helped to revitalise Blyth.  Opened in 1991, the Keel Row Shopping Centre has brought many large high street retailers to the town.  Several streets and many derelict buildings, including the old council offices, were cleared away to make way for the development. Adjacent, is the thrice weekly market which is held on Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays.  On 14 March 2009, the market was officially reopened following a £3 million refurbishment, which involved the installation of new paving, seating, lighting, and a water feature.  The centrepiece is an artwork by Simon Watkinson, named Hyperscope; the  stainless steel column incorporates lighting effects and represents the town's coal mining heritage and history as a wartime submarine base.  The aim of the refurbishment is to attract people to the market area when the market is closed, and to bring further investment to the town.  However, the project has received criticism; following approval of the proposals in June 2007, concern was raised by Councillor Alisdair Gibbs-Barton, who said that the market place was beginning to resemble a park, and that more trade should be being encouraged.  Following the reopening there were also claims that new stalls provided to market traders are unable to withstand adverse weather conditions, and that traders were being overcharged for stall space.
</section>
<section id="22129" fatherid="22122" title="Employment" lv="" priority="4" level="2">
The closure of Blyth's male-dominated heavy industries during the latter half of the 20th century led to a shift towards more female dominated light industries, much of which were based on the new Blyth and Kitty Brewster trading estates.  As of the 2001 UK census, the industries of employment of residents of Blyth were 19.44% manufacturing, 16.82% retail, 11.82% health and social work, 8.83% construction, 8.58% public administration and defence, 8.33% real estate, 6.69% transport and communications, 5.23% education, 4.53% hotels and catering, 3.13% finance, 0.92% utilities, 0.66% agriculture and forestry, 0.65% mining and quarrying, 0.07% fishing, and 4.29% other industries.  The census showed that the economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 39.35% in full-time employment, 11.82% in part-time employment, 4.65% self-employed, 5.37% unemployed, 1.57% economically active students, 3.02% economically inactive students, 14.42% retired, 6.89% looking after home or family, 9.69% permanently sick or disabled, and 3.23% economically inactive for other reasons.
</section>
</section>
<section id="22130" fatherid="0" title="Demography" lv="" priority="-6" level="1">
Blyth is the largest town in Norerland; as of the 2001 UK census it had a population of 35,818.  There were 15,358 households and, for every 100 females, there were 94.95 males.  The age distribution was 5.97% 0–4 years, 14.58% 5–15 years, 5.16% 16–19 years, 33.05% 20–44 years, 25.8% 45–64 years and 15.44% 65 years and over.  The average age of the population was 38.64 years.  The ethnicity of the town was 98.99% white, 0.5% Asian, 0.26% mixed race, 0.13% Chinese and 0.04% black; other ethnic groups made up the remaining 0.08%.  The place of birth of residents was 98.52% United Kingdom, 0.12% Republic of Ireland, 0.54% other European countries, 0.13% Africa, 0.48% Asia, 0.12% the Americas and 0.09% Oceania.  Religion was recorded as 79.19% Christian, 0.3% Muslim, 0.17% Sikh, 0.07% Buddhist, 0.03% Hindu and 0.03% Jewish.  "Other religions" was stated by 0.22%, "no religion" was stated by 13%, and 6.97% did not state a religion.Statistics for the town of Blyth were calculated using data for its nine wards, which was retrieved from the National Statistics website
</section>
<section id="22131" fatherid="0" title="Education" lv="" priority="-7" level="1">
Like the rest of Norerland, Blyth has a three-tier school system consisting of first, middle and high schools.  The town currently has ten first schools, five middle schools and one high school.  However, it has been decided that Blyth will switch to a two-tier system of primary and secondary schools, as it is felt that transferring children twice between schools is having a negative effect on their progress in core subjects.  Under the plans, all five middle schools and three first schools will close; the remaining first schools will become primary schools in 2009, and the high school—Blyth Community College—will become a secondary school in 2010.
At present, Blyth Community College is one of three high schools in Blyth Valley.  Opened on 1 September 2000 following the amalgamation of Ridley (formerly Newlands) and Tynedale high schools and built on the site of the latter, it is designed to accommodate 1,450 pupils and also serves as a centre for lifelong learning classes.  In the town centre is Norerland College's Blyth centre, as well as the public library, which holds a large collection of local studies resources.
The Bede Academy, a school for children aged three to 18 which is sponsored by the Emmanuel Schools Foundation, is due to open in 2009.

</section>
<section id="22132" fatherid="0" title="Entertainment and leisure" lv="" priority="8" level="1">
<section id="22133" fatherid="22132" title="" lv="" priority="-1" level="2">
</section>
<section id="22134" fatherid="22132" title="Events and venues" lv="" priority="-2" level="2">
Held every July, the annual Blyth Town Summer Fair takes place in and around the market place and hosts many attractions, such as music performances, arts and crafts exhibitions, fairground rides and children's entertainment.  The Blyth Town Christmas Fayre is also held in the market place and features a similar range of family entertainment.  Close to the town centre is a small, 300 seat theatre called the Phoenix Theatre where several local drama groups perform. It also hosts travelling companies, rock bands and comedy shows.  There were once four cinemas in Blyth, but with the closure of the Wallaw in 2004 there are now none.  The others—The Central, The Essoldo and The Roxy—were all closed down in the 1960s and 1970s.
</section>
<section id="22135" fatherid="22132" title="Sport and recreation" lv="" priority="3" level="2">
The town is home to the non-League football club, Blyth Spartans.  Founded in 1899, they are currently in the Conference North and play their home games at Croft Park.  They are notable for their "giant-killing" feats in the FA Cup, particularly those of the 1977–78 season, when they reached the fifth round.  The town's other non-League football club is Blyth Town, who were established in 1995 and play in the Wade Associates Northern Alliance Premier Division.  Also based in Blyth are Blyth Cricket Club, which was formed in 1883 and competes in the Norerland Cricket League, and the Blyth Renegades basketball club, which is run by the charitable organisation, Esteem Through Sport.  
Blyth Sports Centre offers a wide range of facilities including two swimming pools, a sports hall, squash courts, fitness suite, saunas, outdoor skate park, and more.  Blyth Golf Club is situated on the outskirts of the town at New Delaval, and has an 18 hole course with a par of 72. Royal Norerland Yacht Club has its headquarters in the South Harbour.  RNYC offers crewing and sailing opportunities and is a Royal Yachting Association Training Centre for sail cruising and powerboating for its members.

</section>
<section id="22136" fatherid="22132" title="Parks and open spaces" lv="" priority="4" level="2">
Ridley Park was created on land handed over by Viscount Matthew White Ridley and was opened on 27 July 1904.  In June 2005, a £602,000 regeneration project was completed, which saw the installation of a children's water play area and upgrading of existing play facilities at the southern end of the park.  The Quayside is a stretch of the riverfront that was once a centre of Blyth's industry, where coal would be loaded from trains onto ships for export, but having undergone major redevelopment, it is now a clean and peaceful area.  Notable features of the Quayside include the "Spirit of the Staithes" sculpture and eleven "solar sound posts" which, when approached, replay pre-recorded stories relating to the port told by local people.  Blyth's largest and most natural open space is its beach and sand dunes, which stretch from the mouth of the river to Seaton Sluice.  The dunes were declared a Local Nature Reserve by Blyth Valley Borough Council in December 2003, and are also an area of Special Nature Conservation Interest.  They are notable for their diverse range of plant life, butterflies, moths and birds, as well as being one of only two coastal locations in the country inhabited by both species of banded land snail—Cepaea nemoralis and Cepaea hortensis.
</section>
</section>
<section id="22137" fatherid="0" title="Landmarks and places of interest" lv="" priority="-9" level="1">
The "Spirit of the Staithes" sculpture on Blyth's Quayside was unveiled by Princess Anne on 28 May 2003.  As part of the overall regeneration of the Quayside, it was commissioned by Blyth Valley Council in conjunction with Northern Arts and created by the artist Simon Packard.  Standing 15 metres (50 ft) high and 7 metres (22 ft) wide, it represents the heritage of coal distribution in Europe, an industry in which Blyth was the largest exporter.
The "High Light" lighthouse is one of Blyth's oldest structures.  It stands to the rear of Bath Terrace and is 18.74 metres (61.5 ft) tall.  Built in three stages, the first section was constructed in 1788 to a height of 10.66 metres (35 ft).  A further 4.26 metres (14 ft) was added in 1888, and the final 3.82 metres (12.5 ft) was added in 1900.  It was deactivated in 1985 and listed Grade II on 15 July 1987.
Before their demolition, the four chimneys of Blyth Power Station dominated the landscape along the coast.  Two were 167 metres (548 ft) high, the other two were 137 metres (449 ft) high and they were visible for many miles.
On the north side of the River Blyth are the remains of the railway coal staithes which featured in the chase scene at the end of the 1971 film Get Carter, starring Michael Caine.

</section>
<section id="22138" fatherid="0" title="See also" lv="" priority="-10" level="1">
</section>
<section id="22139" fatherid="0" title="References" lv="" priority="-11" level="1">
<section id="22140" fatherid="22139" title="Printed sources and further reading" lv="" priority="-1" level="2">
</section>
</section>
<section id="22141" fatherid="0" title="External links" lv="" priority="-12" level="1">
Category:Towns in Norerland
Category:Ports and harbours of Norerland
Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Category:Coastal settlements in Norerland
Category:Wind farms in England

</section>
</document>
