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<document>
<title>Chat Moss</title>
<authors>Wikipedia</authors>
<publisher>wikipedia.org</publisher>
<publishedplace>network</publishedplace>
<publishedyear>2010</publishedyear>
<edition></edition>
<category>Archaeological sites in Greater Manchester</category>
<section id="34663" fatherid="0" title="" lv="" priority="-1" level="1">
Chat Moss is a large area of peat bog that makes up 30% of the City of Salford, in Greater Manchester, England. It is north of the River Irwell,  to the west of Manchester, and occupies an area of about . The depth of peat varies between  and .
Chat Moss, as it might be recognised today, is thought to be about 7,000 years old, but peat development seems to have begun there with the ending of the last ice age, about 10,000 years ago..
A great deal of work was carried out, particularly during the 19th century, to reclaim large areas of Chat Moss. The bog threatened the completion of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, until George Stephenson succeeded in constructing a railway line through it in 1829, which "floated" on a wood and stone foundation. The M62 motorway, completed in 1976, also crosses the moss, to the north of Irlam. In 1958, the severed head of what is believed to be a Romano-British Celt, possibly a sacrificial victim, was discovered in the eastern part of the moss, near Worsley.
Much of Chat Moss is now prime agricultural land, although farming in the area is in decline. A large-scale network of drainage channels is required to keep the land from reverting to bog. A  area of Chat Moss, notified as Astley -anddocsymbol- Bedford Mosses, was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1989. Along with nearby Risley Moss and Holcroft Moss, Astley -anddocsymbol- Bedford Mosses has also been designated as a European Union Special Area of Conservation, known as Manchester Mosses.

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<section id="34664" fatherid="0" title="History" lv="" priority="-2" level="1">
<section id="34665" fatherid="34664" title="" lv="" priority="-1" level="2">
Chat Moss may be named after St Chad, a 7th-century bishop of Mercia, but as it was once part of a great tree-edged lake, as evidenced by the numerous wood remains in the lower levels of the peat, it is perhaps more likely that the name stems from the Celtic word ced, meaning wood. Moss is the local name for a peat bog.
Daniel Defoe visited the area in 1724, on his way from Warrington to Manchester:
Peat bogs sometimes burst their boundaries, particularly after being subjected to heavy rainfall, and this seems to have happened with Chat Moss in the 16th century. John Leland, writing during the reign of King Henry VIII, described one such event:
Chat Moss presented a significant challenge to the engineers constructing the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1826 because of the difficulty in providing a solid base for the track, in particular at a location known as Blackpool Hole. George Stephenson  was the engineer in charge of the project, and his initial idea was to dump enough spoil in the bog so that it would reach the bottom. This approach turned out to be impractical however, as the liquidity of the bog allowed the spoil to flow away from where the track was to be laid. The eventual solution, to build the line on a "floating" wood and stone foundation, was hailed as a "great triumph of engineering". The first train ran through Chat Moss in 1830, and the line is still in use today.

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<section id="34666" fatherid="34664" title="Reclamation" lv="" priority="2" level="2">
The beginning of the 19th century saw the first attempt at the reclamation of Chat Moss. In 1793, William Roscoe began work on reclaiming the smaller Trafford Moss, now part of Trafford Park. By 1798, that work was sufficiently advanced for Roscoe to enter into a lease of part of Chat Moss from the de Trafford family, but no reclamation work was carried out until 1805.
Reclamation methods varied somewhat during the 19th century, but three basic operations featured; constructing drains at appropriate intervals; building a system of roads to allow access to the land so that materials such as clay, lime or marl could be dumped on it, to give it body; and fertilising the land by adding manure, often in the form of the euphemistically named night soil, collected from neighbouring towns.
The reclamation of Chat Moss and Trafford Moss was innovative in that instead of constructing roads to give access for the material to be dumped onto the bog, a movable light railway was developed. Narrow gauge track - which allowed the weight of the wagons to be spread evenly across an area of the bog - was temporarily laid down and then picked up and relaid elsewhere as needed. Roscoe was declared bankrupt in 1821, but the reclamation work continued under the stewardship of others who took over his leasehold interest, amongst them William Baines, the anti-Corn Law MP and owner of the Leeds Mercury newspaper.
Between 1831 and 1851, the population of nearby Manchester increased by more than 150%. This put considerable pressure on refuse disposal, a problem exacerbated by the gradual switch from the 1870s onwards from the older cesspit methods of sewage disposal to pail closets, which required regular emptying. By the 1880s, Manchester was producing more than  of refuse annually, about 75% of that being night soil. In 1895, Manchester Corporation purchased  of Chat Moss known as Chat Moss Estate from Sir Humphrey de Trafford, with a view to using the moss as a refuse disposal site. The final price paid by the corporation was £137,531 7s 1d (£ as of ).
Refuse was carried on barges down the Manchester Ship Canal as far as Boysnope Wharf, where it was loaded onto a light railway system to be taken into the moss for dumping. Farmers on Chat Moss were legally required by their tenancy agreements to accept a specified amount of refuse on their land, and were even obliged to pay for it. Farmers could themselves undertake reclamation work, with the land reclaimed being incorporated into their tenancies. An agreement dated 1905, between Manchester Corporation and Plant Cottage Farm, shows that the corporation agreed to  of refuse per acre free of charge for the first year, with the tenant being obliged to accept  of refuse per acre each year thereafter. The dumping of night soil on Chat Moss ended in 1923, but general refuse continued to be dumped on a diminishing scale until it finally ended in 1966.
Once drained, stabilised, and fertilised, Chat Moss became prime agricultural land, supplying Manchester with salad and vegetables. The drainage channels, required today, give the area its distinctive flat landscape broken up by ditches instead of hedges or walls. Even after all of the reclamation work that has taken place, parts of the area remain remote and bleak.
A scheme was devised during the Second World War to protect major cities from enemy bombing by lighting decoy fires on nearby open land. Manchester was protected by four of these Starfish sites as they were known, two of them on Chat Moss. RAF Balloon Command was responsible for the administration and manning of the sites, which were fully operational by 23 January 1941. Each consisted of an air raid shelter for the crew along with various devices to simulate street lighting and the explosions of incendiary bombs. The effectiveness of the decoy sites is uncertain, and they were closed in 1943.

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<section id="34667" fatherid="34664" title="Worsley Man" lv="" priority="3" level="2">
In August 1958, workmen digging peat in an area of Chat Moss near Worsley discovered a severed head and called the police.
It was initially believed that the head had been in the bog for less than a year, and so a search was carried out looking for more remains, but nothing was found. After X-rays and chemical tests, it was determined that the head had been in the bog for at least 100 years. An inquest was held into the man's death, at which the coroner returned an open verdict, and the head was put in the care of the Manchester Medical School.
The discovery of the nearby Lindow Man in 1984 generated renewed interest in bog bodies, and in 1987 what had become known as Worsley Man was re-examined. The inspection revealed a wound behind the  ear, fractures to the top of the skull, and a cut through the vertebra where he had been decapitated. The remains of a garotte were also found around his neck, all of which was suggestive of a ritual killing rather than an accidental death, perhaps related to the Celtic cult of the head. The condition of the tooth pulp suggested that Worsley Man was 20-30 years old at the time of his death, which radiocarbon dating of a fragment of preserved soft tissue indicated was during the late Iron Age, some time around 120 AD, identifying him as a Romano-British Celt. Worsley Man is now in the care of the Manchester Museum.

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<section id="34668" fatherid="0" title="Geography and ecology" lv="" priority="-3" level="1">
At  (53.4629, -2.4316), Chat Moss lies at the southern edge of the Lancashire Plain, an area of Bunter sandstones overlaid with marls laid down during the Late Triassic period. Those rocks are themselves overlaid by a layer of boulder clay deposited during the last ice age, about 10,000 years ago. The combination of the flat topography and the underlying clay resulted in extensive peat bogs developing along the Mersey Valley, and overflowing beyond the valley. The bogs in the area between the River Glaze in the west, and Worsley and Eccles in the east, to the north of what was the River Irwell - now the Manchester Ship Canal - are known collectively as Chat Moss.
Chat Moss is a lowland raised bog. In areas where drainage is poor, water-logging can slow down plant decomposition, producing peat, which over the years can raise the level of the bog above that of the surrounding land. The moss occupies an area of about , and is about  long, about  across at its widest point, lying  above sea level. Chat Moss lies mainly in Salford, but extends into Wigan. By the 1990s, an estimated 72% of the bog had been reclaimed, most of it for agriculture. About  of degraded bog remain, with  of undamaged peat deposits in four peat extraction sites. The peat varies in depth between  and .
The main bog mosses found in the peat of Chat Moss are Sphagnum cuspidatum, S. imbricatum, and S. acutifolia. The peat up to about  from the surface is mainly humidified S. acutifolia, with fresher S. imbricatum peat nearer the surface.
A 228-acre (92 ha) area of Chat Moss, to the north of the Liverpool-Manchester railway line, notified as Astley -anddocsymbol- Bedford Mosses, was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1989. Astley -anddocsymbol- Bedford Mosses, along with Risley Moss and Holcroft Moss, is also a European Union designated Special Area of Conservation, known as Manchester Mosses.
The major habitats in the moss are bog, heathland, woodland and acidic grassland, subject to varying degrees of wetness depending on the local drainage. The remaining areas of bog are dominated by common cottongrass Eriophorum angustifolium and
hare's-tail cottongrass E. vaginatum. Bog mosses are more scarce, but Sphagnum cuspidatum, S. recurvum, S. tenellum, S. fimbriatum and S. subnitens occur in patches. As the peat has become drier, areas have been taken over by purple moor grass Molinia caerulea and by downy birch Betula pubescens. The moss also supports several bird species, and is particularly important for wintering raptors such as the hen harrier Circus cyaneus cyaneus, the short-eared owl Asio flammeus and the merlin Falco columbarius, along with breeding species such as the curlew Numenius arquata and the long-eared owl Asio otus. There is a large heronry in Botany Bay Wood, the largest area of woodland in Greater Manchester.
The domestic and industrial waste dumped on Chat Moss has led to very high levels of heavy metals such as lead and copper being present in the soil, raising concerns that crops grown there may pose a health risk. However, the high-pH of the peaty soil limits the mobility of the metals and so prevents them being taken up by crops.Breward (2003)

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<section id="34669" fatherid="0" title="Economy" lv="" priority="-4" level="1">
Chat Moss makes up the largest area of prime farmland in Greater Manchester, but farming on the moss is in decline. In 2003, it was reported that of the 54 farms on the moss, occupying , almost half the area of the bog, only three were growing vegetables. Others had turned to arable farming, turf growing or horse livery instead of salad and vegetable crops. Chat Moss also contains the largest block of semi-natural woodland in Greater Manchester.
There are areas of commercial peat extraction, but Salford City Council is seeking to return at least some of those back to wet mossland. Most of the area is now Green Belt, placing restrictions on the kinds of developments that can take place.

</section>
<section id="34670" fatherid="0" title="Cultural references" lv="" priority="-5" level="1">
In 1994, the British composer Peter Maxwell Davies, who was born in Salford, wrote a seven-minute tone poem for school orchestra, titled Chat Moss. Chat Moss was also the subject of a ceiling painting produced as the result of a research project at The University of Nottingham, exhibited in 2004. The project was a collaboration between artist Derek Hampson and geographer Gary Priestnall. Hampson chose the moss as their subject for two reasons: its 19th-century significance to the industrial revolution, and "its present unpicturesque nature - its resistance to viewpoint, to being made pictorial." The artwork is painted on 108 two-foot (0.6 m) square tiles, and measures 18 feet (5.4 m) by 24 feet (7.2 m).
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<section id="34671" fatherid="0" title="See also" lv="" priority="-6" level="1">
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<section id="34672" fatherid="0" title="References" lv="" priority="-7" level="1">
<section id="34673" fatherid="34672" title="Notes" lv="" priority="-1" level="2">
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<section id="34674" fatherid="34672" title="Bibliography" lv="" priority="-2" level="2">
Category:Geography of Salford
Category:Environment of Greater Manchester
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater Manchester 
Category:Archaeological sites in Greater Manchester
Category:Waste management

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