<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<document>
<title>Anna Anderson</title>
<authors>Wikipedia</authors>
<publisher>wikipedia.org</publisher>
<publishedplace>network</publishedplace>
<publishedyear>2010</publishedyear>
<edition></edition>
<category>Deaths from pneumonia</category>
<section id="18252" fatherid="0" title="" lv="" priority="-1" level="1">
Anna Anderson (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) was the best known of several impostors who claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia. The real Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by Bolsheviks in Ekaterinburg, Russia, but the location of her body was unknown.
In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity. Later she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many decades, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained "notoriety".Klier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53
Between 1922 and 1968, Anderson lived in the United States and Germany with various supporters and in sanatoria and nursing homes, including at least one asylum. She emigrated to the United States in 1968, and shortly before the expiry of her visa married Jack Manahan, a Virginian history professor who was later characterized as "probably Charlottesville's best-loved eccentric". Upon her death in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon, Germany. After the collapse of Communism, the locations of the bodies of the Tsar, Tsarina and all five of their children were revealed and multiple laboratories in different countries confirmed their identity through DNA testing. DNA tests on a lock of Anderson's hair and surviving medical samples of her tissue showed that Anderson's DNA did not match the Romanov remains or living relatives of the Romanovs.Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174 Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA matched that of Karl Maucher, a great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska. Scientists, historians, and major news agencies accept that Anderson was Schanzkowska.Massie, p. 249

</section>
<section id="18253" fatherid="0" title="Biography" lv="" priority="-2" level="1">
<section id="18254" fatherid="18253" title="Dalldorf asylum (1920–1922)" lv="" priority="1" level="2">
On 27 February 1920,Berlin Police report, quoted by von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89 a young woman attempted to take her life in Berlin by jumping off the Bendlerbrücke into the Landwehrkanal. She was rescued by a police sergeant and was admitted to the Elisabeth Hospital on Lützowstrasse. As she was without papers and refused to identify herself, she was admitted as Fräulein Unbekannt (Miss Unknown) to a mental hospital in Dalldorf (now Wittenau, in Reinickendorf), where she remained for the next two years.Klier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police report, quoted by von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89 She had scars on her abdomen and head,Massie, p. 163 and spoke German with an accent described as "Russian" by medical staff.Nurse Erna Buchholz and Dr Bonhoeffer quoted by von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 95–96
In early 1922, Clara Peuthert, a fellow psychiatric patient, claimed that the unknown woman was the Grand Duchess Tatiana of Russia, one of the four daughters of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia: Tatiana, Olga, Maria and Anastasia.I, Anastasia, p. 91; Klier and Mingay, p. 94; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 14 On her release, Peuthert told Russian émigré Captain Nicholas von Schwabe, that she had seen Tatiana at Dalldorf.Klier and Mingay, p. 94, Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 16–17 Schwabe visited the asylum and accepted the woman as Tatiana.Kurth, Anastasia, p. 21; Welch, p. 103 Schwabe persuaded other émigrés to visit the unknown woman, including Zinaida Tolstoy, a friend of the Tsarina Alexandra. Eventually Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden, a former lady-in-waiting to the Tsarina, visited the asylum with Tolstoy. On seeing the woman, Buxhoeveden declared "She's too short for Tatiana,"Klier and Mingay, p. 95; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 25; Massie, p. 163 and  convinced the woman was not the Russian grand duchess.I, Anastasia, p. 93; Hall, p. 340; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 25 A few days later, the unknown woman noted, "I did not say I was Tatiana."Klier and Mingay, p. 95; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 26
A nurse at Dalldorf, Thea Malinovsky, claimed years after the patient's release from the asylum that the woman had told her she was Anastasia in the autumn of 1921.Kurth, Anastasia, p. 12 However, the patient herself could not recall the incident.I, Anastasia, p. 91 Her biographers either ignore Malinovsky's claim,Klier and Mingay, pp. 93–94, just describes Peuthert's claim. or weave it into their narrative.

</section>
<section id="18255" fatherid="18253" title="Germany and Switzerland (1922–1927)" lv="" priority="2" level="2">
By May 1922 the woman was believed by Peuthert, Schwabe and Tolstoy to be Anastasia. Buxhoeveden said there was no resemblance.I, Anastasia, p. 93; Klier and Mingay, p. 95 Nevertheless, the woman was taken out of the asylum and hosted at the Berlin home of Baron Arthur von Kleist, a Russian émigré who had been a police chief in Russian Poland before the fall of the Tsar. The Berlin policeman who handled the case, Detective Inspector Franz Grünberg, thought Kleist "may have had ulterior motives, as was hinted at in émigré circles: if the old conditions should ever be restored in Russia, he hoped for great advancement from having looked after the young woman."Letter from Grünberg to his superior, Councillor Goehrke, quoted by von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 92 She began calling herself Anna Tschaikovsky,Klier and Mingay, p. 96; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 53; Berlin police records, quoted by von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 112She chose "Anna" as a short form of "Anastasia" (I, Anastasia, p. 98; Klier and Mingay, p. 96). though Peuthert "described her everywhere as Anastasia".Grünberg's notes, quoted by von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 112 Tschaikovsky stayed in the houses of acquaintances, including Kleist, Peuthert, a poor working-class family called Bachmann, and Inspector Grünberg's estate at Funkenmühle, near Zossen.I, Anastasia, pp. 100–112; Klier and Mingay, pp. 97–98; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 29–63 At Funkenmühle, Grünberg arranged for the Tsarina's sister, Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine, to meet Tschaikovsky but Irene did not recognize her.Klier and Mingay, pp. 97–98; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 51–52; von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 103, 106–107; Welch, p. 108 Grünberg also arranged a visit from Crown Princess Cecilie of Prussia, but Tschaikovsky refused to speak to her, and Cecilie was  perplexed by the encounter.I, Anastasia, p. 115; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 64; Klier and Mingay, p. 98; Massie, p. 168 Later, in the 1950s, Cecilie signed a declaration that Tschaikovsky was Anastasia,Kurth, Anastasia, p. 343; Massie, p. 168; von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 116 but Cecilie's family disputed her statement and implied that she was suffering from dementia.Kurth, Anastasia, p. 343
By 1925, Tschaikovsky had developed a tuberculous infection of her arm, and she was placed in a succession of hospitals for treatment. Sick and near death, she lost a lot of weight.Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 84–85; Massie, p. 172; Welch, p. 110 She was visited by the Tsarina's groom of the chamber Alexei Volkov; Anastasia's tutor Pierre Gilliard; his wife, Shura, who had been Anastasia's nursemaid; and the Tsar's sister Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia. Though they expressed sympathy, if only for Tschaikovsky's illness, and made no immediate public declaration, eventually they all denied she was Anastasia.Klier and Mingay, pp. 99–103; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 99–124; von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 135–169 In March 1926, she convalesced in Lugano with Harriet von Rathlef at the expense of Grand Duchess Anastasia's great-uncle, Prince Valdemar of Denmark. Valdemar was willing to offer Tschaikovsky material assistance, through the Danish ambassador to Germany, Herluf Zahle, while her identity was investigated.Klier and Mingay, p. 91; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 102 To allow her to travel, the Berlin Aliens Office issued her with a temporary certificate of identity as "Anastasia Tschaikovsky", with Grand Duchess Anastasia's personal details.Kurth, Anastasia, p. 130 After a quarrel with von Rathlef, Tschaikovsky was moved to the Stillachhaus Sanatorium at Oberstdorf in the Bavarian Alps in June 1926, and von Rathlef returned to Berlin.Klier and Mingay, p. 104; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 130–134; von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 180–187
At Oberstdorf, Tschaikovsky was visited by Tatiana Melnik née Botkin. Melnik was the niece of Serge Botkin, the head of the Russian Refugee office in Berlin, and the daughter of the imperial family's personal physician Dr. Eugene Botkin, who had been murdered by the communists alongside the Tsar's family in 1918. Tatiana Melnik had met Grand Duchess Anastasia as a child, and had last spoken to her in February 1917.Kurth, Anastasia, p. 138 To Melnik, Tschaikovsky looked like Anastasia even though "the mouth has changed and coarsened noticeably, and because the face is so lean, her nose looks bigger than it was."Tatiana Melnik's declaration on oath, 1929, quoted (in two negligibly different translations) by von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 193 and Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 141–142 In a letter, Melnik wrote: "Her attitude is childlike, and altogether she cannot be reckoned with as a responsible adult, but must be led and directed like a child. She has not only forgotten languages, but has in general lost the power of accurate narration ... even the simplest stories she tells incoherently and incorrectly; they are really only words strung together in impossibly ungrammatical German ... Her defect is obviously in her memory and eyesight."Quoted (in two negligibly different translations) by Massie in p. 169 and von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 195 Melnik declared that Tschaikovsky was Anastasia, and supposed that any inability on her part to remember events and her refusal to speak Russian was caused by her impaired physical and psychological state.Massie, p. 170; von Nidda in I, Anastasia, .pp. 197–198 Either inadvertently through a sincere desire to "aid the patient's weak memory"Gilliard, Pierre (1929) La Fausse Anastasie quoted in von Nidda, p. 198 or as part of a deliberate charade, Melnik coached Tschaikovsky with details of life in the imperial family.

</section>
<section id="18256" fatherid="18253" title="Castle Seeon (1927)" lv="" priority="3" level="2">
In 1927, under pressure from his family, Valdemar decided against providing Tschaikovsky any further financial support, and the funds from Denmark were cut off.Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 151–153; Massie, p. 181 Duke George of Leuchtenberg, a distant relative of the Tsar, gave her a home at Castle Seeon.Klier and Mingay, pp. 105–106; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 151–153; Massie, p. 181 The Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, hired a private detective, Martin Knopf, to investigate the claims that Tschaikovsky was Anastasia.Anderson's supporters claimed that Ernest Louis' hostility towards Anderson arose from her allegation that they had last met when he had visited Russia in 1916. Anderson claimed that in the midst of a war between Russia and Germany, Ernest Louis had visited Russia to negotiate a separate peace. Ernest Louis denied the allegation, which if true would have been tantamount to treason. There was no conclusive proof either way. (See: Klier and Mingay, pp. 100–101; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 93–95; Massie, pp. 177–178; von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 127–129) During her stay at Castle Seeon, Knopf reported that Tschaikovsky was actually a Polish factory worker called Franziska Schanzkowska.Klier and Mingay, p. 105; Massie, pp. 178–179 Schanzkowska had worked in a munitions factory during World War I when, shortly after her fiancé had been killed at the front, a grenade fell out of her hand and exploded. She was injured in the head, and a foreman was killed in front of her.Klier and Mingay, p. 224; Massie, p. 249 She became apathetic and depressed, was declared insane on 19 September 1916,Kurth, Anastasia, p. 167 and spent time in two lunatic asylums.Kurth, Anastasia, p. 415, note 93 In early 1920, she was reported missing from her Berlin lodgings, and since then had not been seen or heard from by her family.Klier and Mingay, pp. 105, 224; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 166; Massie, pp. 178–179, 250 In May 1927, Franziska's brother, Felix Schanzkowski, was introduced to Tschaikovsky at a local inn in Wasserburg near Castle Seeon. Leuchtenberg's son, Dmitri, was completely certain Tschaikovsky was an impostor and that she was recognized by Felix as his sister,Klier and Mingay, p. 106; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 415, note 80 but Leuchtenberg's daughter, Natalie, remained convinced of Tschaikovsky's authenticity.Kurth, Anastasia, p. 180; Massie, p. 181 Leuchtenberg himself was ambivalent.Massie, p. 181 According to one account, initially Felix declared that she was his sister Franziska,Klier and Mingay, p. 106; Report of Dr. Wilhelm Völler, attorney to Harriet von Rathlef, in the Fallows collection, Houghton Library, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 172; Massie, p. 180 but the affidavit he signed spoke only of "strong resemblance", highlighted physical differences, and said Tschaikovsky did not recognize him.Klier and Mingay, p. 106; Affidavit of Felix Schanzkowski, Fallows paper, Houghton Library, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 174 Years later, Felix's daughter said in interviews for which she was paid that her father knew the woman was his sister, but he had chosen to leave her to her new life, which was far more comfortable than any alternative.Klier and Mingay, p. 224
Visitors to Seeon included Prince Felix Yusupov, husband of Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia, who wrote, "I claim categorically that she is not Anastasia Nicolaievna, but just an adventuress, a sick hysteric and a fful playactress. I simply cannot understand how anyone can be in doubt of this. If you had seen her, I am convinced that you would recoil in horror at the thought that this fful creature could be a daughter of our Tsar."Letter from Prince Felix Yusupov to Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, 19 September 1927, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 186 Other visitors, however, such as Felix Dassel, an officer whom Anastasia had visited in hospital during 1916, and Gleb Botkin, who had known Anastasia as a child and was Tatiana Melnik's brother, were convinced that Tschaikovsky was genuine.Klier and Mingay, pp. 89, 135; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 193, 201

</section>
<section id="18257" fatherid="18253" title="United States (1928–1931)" lv="" priority="4" level="2">
By 1928, Tschaikovsky's claim had received interest and attention in the United States, where Gleb Botkin had published articles in support of her cause.Klier and Mingay, p.108; Massie, p. 182 Botkin's publicity caught the attention of a childhood friend of Anastasia's, Xenia Leeds, a former Russian princess who had married a wealthy American industrialist.Klier and Mingay, p. 108; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 202; Massie, p. 182 Botkin and Leeds arranged for Tschaikovsky to travel to the United States onboard the liner Berengaria at Leeds' expense.Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 202–204 On the journey from Seeon to the States, Tschaikovsky stopped at Paris, where she met Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, the Tsar's cousin, who believed her to be Anastasia.Klier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 204–206 For six months Tschaikovsky lived at the Oyster Bay estate of the Leeds family.Klier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 214–219; Massie, pp. 175–176, 181
As the tenth anniversary of the Tsar's assassination approached in July 1928, Botkin retained a lawyer, Edward Fallows, to oversee legal moves to obtain any of the Tsar's estate outside of the Soviet Union. As the death of the Tsar had never been proven, the estate could only be released to relatives 10 years after the supposed date of his death.Clarke, p. 187; Klier and Mingay, p. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 220–221; von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 242 Fallows set up a company, called the Grandanor Corporation (an acronym of Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia), which sought to raise funds by selling shares in any prospective estate.Clarke, p. 185; Klier and Mingay, pp. 110, 112–113; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 233; Massie, p. 184 Tschaikovsky claimed that the Tsar had deposited money abroad, which fed unsubstantiated rumors of a large Romanov fortune in England.Clarke, pp. 188–190; Klier and Mingay, p. 103; Massie, pp. 183–185 The surviving relatives of the Romanovs accused Botkin and Fallows of fortune hunting, and Botkin accused them of trying to defraud "Anastasia" out of her inheritance.Klier and Mingay, pp. 112, 121, 125; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 230–231; Massie, p. 183 Except for a relatively small deposit in Germany, distributed to the Tsar's recognized relations, no money was ever found.Klier and Mingay, p. 117 After a quarrel, possibly over Tschaikovsky's claim to the estate (but not over her claim to be Anastasia),Klier and Mingay, p. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 221–222; von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 242 Tschaikovsky moved out of the Leeds' mansion, and the pianist Sergei Rachmaninoff arranged for her to live at the Garden City Hotel in Hempstead, Long Island, and later in a small cottage. To avoid the press, she was booked in as Mrs. Anderson, the name by which she was subsequently known.Klier and Mingay, p. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 227; Massie, p. 181; von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 244 In October 1928, after the death of the Tsar's mother, the Dowager Empress Marie, the 12 nearest relations of the Tsar met at Marie's funeral and signed a declaration that denounced Anderson as an impostor.Klier and Mingay, p. 111; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 229; von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 238–239 The Copenhagen Statement, as it would come to be known, explained: "Our sense of duty compels us to state that the story is only a fairy tale. The memory of our dear departed would be tarnished if we allowed this fantastic story to spread and gain any credence."Klier and Mingay, p. 111; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 229 Gleb Botkin answered with a public letter to Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, which referred to the family as "greedy and unscrupulous" and claimed they were only denouncing Anderson for money.Klier and Mingay, pp. 111–112; Massie, p. 183
From early 1929 Anderson lived with Annie B. Jennings, a wealthy Park Avenue spinster happy to host someone she supposed to be a daughter of the Tsar.Massie, p. 182 For 18 months Anderson was the toast of New York society.Kurth, Anastasia, p. 232; Massie, p. 182 Then a pattern of self-destructive behavior began that culminated in her throwing tantrums, killing her pet parakeet,Klier and Mingay, p. 113; Letter from Wilton Lloyd-Smith, Miss Jennings' attorney, to Annie Jennings, 15 July 1930, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 250 and on one occasion running around naked on the roof.Letter from Wilton Lloyd-Smith, Miss Jennings' attorney, to Annie Jennings, 22 August 1930, Fallows papers, Houghton Library, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 251; Massie, p. 182 On 24 July 1930, Judge Peter Schmuck of the New York Supreme Court signed an order committing her to a mental hospital.Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 251–252 Before she could be taken away, Anderson locked herself in her room, and the door was broken in with an axe. She was forcibly taken to the Four Winds Sanatorium in Westchester County, New York, where she remained for slightly over a year.Massie, p. 182; von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 250–251 In August 1932, Anderson returned to Germany accompanied by a private nurse in a locked cabin on the liner Deutschland.Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 253–255; Massie, p. 186 Jennings paid for the voyage, the stay at the Westchester sanatorium, and an additional six months' cure in the psychiatric wing of a nursing home at Ilten near Hanover.Massie, p. 186 On arrival at Ilten, Anderson was assessed as sane,Klier and Mingay, p. 125; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 259 but as the room was prepaid, and she had nowhere else to go, she stayed on in a suite in the sanatorium grounds.Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 258–260

</section>
<section id="18258" fatherid="18253" title="Germany (1931–1968)" lv="" priority="5" level="2">
Anderson's return to Germany generated press interest, and drew more members of the German aristocracy to her cause.Klier and Mingay, p. 127 She again lived itinerantly as a guest of her well-wishers.Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 271–279 In 1932, the British tabloid News of the World published a sensational story accusing her of being a Romanian actress who was perpetrating a fraud.Klier and Mingay, p. 127; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 276 Fallows sued for libel, but the lengthy case continued until the outbreak of World War II, at which time the case was dismissed because Anderson was living in Germany, and German residents could not sue in enemy countries. From 1938, lawyers acting for Anderson in Germany contested the distribution of the Tsar's estate to his recognized relations, and they in turn contested her identity.Klier and Mingay, p. 115; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 289–356 The litigation continued intermittently without resolution for decades; Lord Mountbatten footed some of his German relations' legal bills against Anderson.Klier and Mingay, p. 128; Massie, p. 189 The protracted proceedings became the longest-running civil lawsuit in German history.Klier and Mingay, p. 115
Anderson had a final meeting with the Schanzkowski family in 1938. Gertrude Schanzkowska was insistent that Anderson was her sister, Franziska,Klier and Mingay, p. 129; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 283; Massie, p. 180 but the Nazi government had arranged the meeting to determine Anderson's identity, and if accepted as Schanzkowska she would be imprisoned. The Schanzkowski family refused to sign affidavits against her, and no further action was taken.Klier and Mingay, p. 129 In 1940, Edward Fallows died virtually destitute after wasting all his own money on trying to obtain the Tsar's non-existent fortune for the Grandanor Corporation.Klier and Mingay, p.123; Kurth Anastasia, p. 291; Massie, p. 184 Towards the end of the war Anderson lived at Schloss Winterstein with Louise of Saxe-Meiningen, in what became the Soviet occupation zone. In 1946, Prince Frederick of Saxe-Altenburg helped her across the border to Bad Liebenzell in the French occupation zone.Klier and Mingay, p. 129; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 285–286
Prince Frederick settled Anderson in a former army barracks in the small village of Unterlengenhardt, on the edge of the Black Forest, where she became a sort of tourist attraction.Klier and Mingay, pp. 130–131; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 263–266; Massie, p. 186 Lili Dehn, a friend of Tsarina Alexandra, visited her and acknowledged her as Anastasia,Klier and Mingay, pp. 153–154; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 288; Massie, p. 187 but when Charles Sydney Gibbes, English tutor to the imperial children, met Anderson he denounced her as a fraud.Kurth, Anastasia, p. 304; Massie, p. 187 "If that's Grand Duchess Anastasia," he said, "I'm a Chinaman."Kurth, Tsar, p. 214 In an affidavit, he swore "She in no way resembles the true Grand Duchess Anastasia that I had known ... I am quite satisfied that she is an impostor."Massie, p. 187 She became a recluse, surrounded by cats, and her house began to decay.Klier and Mingay, p. 140; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 334; Massie, p. 191 In May 1968, Anderson was taken to hospital at Neuenbürg after being discovered semi-conscious in her cottage. In her absence, Prince Frederick cleaned up the property by order of the local board of health.Klier and Mingay, p. 140; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 370–371 Her Irish Wolfhound and 60 cats were put to death.Klier and Mingay, p. 140; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 371–372 Horrified by this, Anderson accepted her long-term supporter Gleb Botkin's offer to move to the United States.Klier and Mingay, p. 142; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 371–372; Welch p. 253

</section>
<section id="18259" fatherid="18253" title="Final years (1968–1984)" lv="" priority="6" level="2">
Botkin was living in the university town of Charlottesville, Virginia, and a local friend of his, history professor and genealogist John Eacott Manahan, paid for Anderson's journey to the States.Klier and Mingay, p. 142; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 370; Massie, pp. 191–192 She entered the country on a six-month visitors' visa, and shortly before it was due to expire, Anderson married Manahan, who was 20 years her junior, in a civil ceremony on 23 December 1968. Botkin was best man.Kurth, Anastasia, p. 375 Jack Manahan enjoyed this marriage of convenience,Kurth, Anastasia, p. 375; Massie, p. 192 and described himself as "Grand Duke-in-Waiting"Massie, p. 192 or "son-in-law to the Tsar".Klier and Mingay, p. 145 The couple lived in separate bedrooms in a house on University Circle in Charlottesville, and also owned a farm near Scottsville.Kurth, Anastasia, p. 381 Botkin died in December 1969.Klier and Mingay, p. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 376 In February the following year, the lawsuits finally came to an end; neither side could establish Anderson's identity.Klier and Mingay, p. 139; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 377
Jack and Anderson, now legally called Anastasia Manahan, became well known in the Charlottesville area as eccentrics.Klier and Mingay, p. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 388 Though Jack Manahan was wealthy, they lived in squalor with large numbers of dogs and cats, and piles of garbage.Klier and Mingay, p. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 381; Massie, p. 192 On 20 August 1979, Anderson was taken to Charlottesville's Martha Jefferson Hospital with an intestinal obstruction. A gangrenous tumor and a length of intestine were removed by Dr. Richard Shrum.Massie, p. 194
With both Jack and Anderson in failing health, in November 1983, Anderson was institutionalized, and an attorney, William Preston, was appointed as her guardian by the local circuit court.Klier and Mingay, p. 163 A few days later, Manahan "kidnapped"Klier and Mingay, p. 163; Massie, p. 193 Anderson from the hospital, and for three days they drove around Virginia eating out of convenience stores. After a 13-state police alarm, they were found and Anderson was returned to a care facility.Klier and Mingay, p. 164; Massie, p. 193 In January she may have had a stroke, and on 12 February 1984, she died of pneumonia.Klier and Mingay, p. 164 She was cremated the same day, and her ashes subsequently buried in the churchyard at Castle Seeon on 18 June 1984.

</section>
</section>
<section id="18260" fatherid="0" title="DNA evidence" lv="" priority="3" level="1">
In 1991, the bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters were exhumed from a mass grave near Ekaterinburg. They were identified on the basis of both skeletal analysis and DNA testing. For example, mitochondrial DNA was used to match maternal relations, and mitochondrial DNA from the female bones matched that of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, whose maternal grandmother Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine was a sister of Alexandra. The bodies of Tsarevich Alexei and the remaining daughter were discovered in 2007. Repeated and independent DNA tests confirmed that the remains were the seven members of the Romanov family, and proved that none of the Tsar's four daughters survived the shooting of the Romanov family.
A sample of Anderson's tissue, part of her intestine removed during her operation in 1979, was stored at Martha Jefferson Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia. Anderson's mitochondrial DNA was extracted from the sample and compared with that of the Romanovs and their relatives. It did not match that of the Duke of Edinburgh or that of the bones, confirming that Anderson was not Anastasia. However, the sample matched DNA provided by Franziska Schanzkowska's great-nephew Karl Maucher, indicating that Karl Maucher and Anna Anderson were maternally related and that Anderson was Schanzkowska. Five years after the original testing was done, Dr. Terry Melton of the Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, stated that the DNA sequence tying Anderson to the Schanzkowska family was "still unique", though the database of DNA patterns at the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory had grown much larger, leading to "increased confidence that Anderson was indeed Franziska Schanzkowska".
Similarly, several strands of Anderson's hair, found inside an envelope in a book that had belonged to Anderson's husband, Jack Manahan, were also tested. Mitochondrial DNA from the hair matched Anderson's hospital sample and that of Schanzkowska's relative Karl Maucher but not the Romanov remains or living relatives of the Romanovs.Massie, p. 246

</section>
<section id="18261" fatherid="0" title="Assessment" lv="" priority="4" level="1">
<section id="18262" fatherid="18261" title="" lv="" priority="-1" level="2">
Though in July 1918 communists had murdered the entire imperial Romanov family, including 17-year-old Grand Duchess Anastasia, for years afterwards communist disinformation fed rumors that members of the Tsar's family had survived.Klier and Mingay, pp. 70–71, 82–84; Massie, pp. 144–145 The conflicting rumors about the fate of the family allowed impostors to make spurious claims that they were a surviving Romanov.Klier and Mingay, pp. 84, 91; Massie, pp. 144–145
Most impostors were dismissed; however, Anderson's claim persisted.See, for example, Massie, pp. 144–162 Books and pamphlets supporting her claims included Harriet von Rathlef-Keilmann's book Anastasia, ein Frauenschicksal als Spiegel der Weltkatastrophe (Anastasia, A Woman's Fate as a Mirror of the World Catastrophe), which was published in Germany and Switzerland in 1928, though it was serialized by the tabloid newspaper Berliner Nachtausgabe in 1927. It was countered by works such as La Fausse Anastasie (The False Anastasia) by Pierre Gilliard and Constantin Savitch, published by Payot of Paris in 1929.Klier and Mingay, p. 103; von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 273 Conflicting testimonies and physical evidence, such as comparisons of facial characteristics, which alternately supported and contradicted Anderson's claim, were used to either bolster or counter the belief that she was Anastasia.e.g. Kurth, Anastasia, p. 76: "Reams of paper were wasted in a quarrel over detail." In the absence of any direct documentary proof or solid physical evidence, the question of whether Anderson was Anastasia was for many "a matter of personal belief".von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 83 As Anderson herself said in her own idiomatic English, "You either believe it or you don't believe it. It doesn't matter. In no anyway whatsoever."Interview on ABC television, broadcast 26 October 1976, quoted in Klier and Mingay, p. 230 and Kurth, Anastasia, p. 383 The German courts were unable to decide her claim one way or another, and eventually, after 40 years of deliberation, found it was "neither established nor refuted".Klier and Mingay, p. 139; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 377; Massie, p. 190 Dr. Günter von Berenberg-Gossler, attorney for Anderson's opponents in the latter years of the legal case, explained that during the German trials "the press were always more interested in reporting her side of the story than the opposing bench's less glamorous perspective; editors often pulled journalists after reporting testimony delivered by her side and ignored the rebuttal, resulting in the public seldom getting a complete picture."
In 1957, a version of Anderson's story, pieced together by her supporters and interspersed with commentary by Roland Krug von Nidda, was published in Germany under the title Ich, Anastasia, Erzähle (I, Anastasia, an autobiography).Klier and Mingay, p. 143; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 395; Massie, p. 294 The book included the "fantastic tale"Klier and Mingay, p. 96 that Anastasia escaped Russia on a farm cart with a man called Alexander Tschaikovsky, whom she married and had a child by, before he was shot dead in a Bucharest street and the child, Alexei, disappeared into an orphanage. Even Anderson's supporters admitted that the details of the supposed escape "might seem bold inventions even for a dramatist",von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 81 while her detractors considered "this barely credible story as a piece of far-fetched romance". Other works based on the premise that Anderson was Anastasia, written before the DNA tests, include biographies by Peter Kurth and James Blair Lovell. More recent biographies by John Klier, Robert Massie and Frances Welch that describe her as an impostor were written after the DNA tests proved she was not Anastasia.
Assessments vary as to whether she was a deliberate fraud or a young woman traumatized into adopting a new identity or used by her supporters for their own ends. Pierre Gilliard denounced Anderson as "a cunning psychopath". quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 179 Writer Michael Thornton thought, "Somewhere along the way she lost and rejected Schanzkowska. She lost that person totally and accepted completely she was this new person. I think it happened by accident and she was swept along on a wave of euphoria."Quoted by Klier and Mingay, p. 230 Lord Mountbatten, a first cousin of the Romanov children, thought her supporters "simply get rich on the royalties of further books, magazine articles, plays etc."Letter from Mountbatten to Ian Jacob, 8 September 1958, Broadlands archive, quoted in  Prince Michael Romanov, a grandson of Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, stated the family always knew Anderson was a fraud, and that the family looked upon her and "the three ringed circus which danced around her, creating books and movies, as a vulgar insult to the memory of the Imperial Family."

</section>
<section id="18263" fatherid="18261" title="Fictional portrayals" lv="" priority="2" level="2">
Since the 1920s, many fictional works have been inspired by Anderson's claim to be Anastasia. In 1928, the silent film Clothes Make the Woman was based very loosely on her story. In 1953, Marcelle Maurette wrote a play based on Rathlef's and Gilliard's books called Anastasia,Klier and Mingay, p. 132 which toured Europe and America with Viveca Lindfors in the title role. The play was so successful that in 1956 an English adaptation by Guy Bolton was made into a film, Anastasia.Kurth, Anastasia, p. 268; von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 274 The plot revolves around a group of swindlers who attempt to raise money among Russian émigrés by pretending that Grand Duchess Anastasia is still alive. A suitable amnesiac, "Anna", is groomed by the swindlers to impersonate Anastasia. Anna's origins are unknown and as the play progresses hints are dropped that she could be the real Anastasia, who has lost her memory. The viewer is  to decide for themselves whether Anna really is Anastasia. The film was released at the same time as Is Anna Anderson Anastasia? starring Lili Palmer, which covers much the same ground, but the central character is "perhaps even more lost, mad and pathetic, but she, too, has moments when she is a woman of presence and dignity". Playw Royce Ryton wrote I Am Who I Am about Anna Anderson in 1978. Like the earlier plays, it depicts Anderson as "a person of intrinsic worth victimized by the greed and fears of others", and did not attempt to decide her real identity.
Kenneth Macmillan's ballet Anastasia, first performed in 1967, used I, Anastasia, an autobiography as inspiration and "is a dramatic fantasy about Anna Anderson, the woman who believes herself to be Anastasia … Either in memory or imagination, she experiences episodes from Anastasia's past ... The structure is a kind of free-wheeling nightmare, held together by the central figure of the heroine, played by Lynn Seymour". A contemporary reviewer thought Seymour's "tense, tormented portrait of the desperate Anna Anderson is quite extraordinary and really impressive".
NBC ran a two-part fictionalized mini-series in December 1986 titled Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna which starred Amy Irving and won her a Golden Globe nomination. In the words of Hal Erickson, "Irving plays the leading character in a lady-or-the-tiger fashion, so that we never know if she truly swallows her own tale or if she's merely a clever charlatan." The 1997 animated fantasy Anastasia depicts the central character ("Anastasia" or "Anya") as Grand Duchess Anastasia, even though the film was released after DNA tests proved that Anna Anderson was not Anastasia. The film is an entirely fictional musical entertainment, and in the words of one reviewer, "historical facts are treated with particular contempt".

</section>
</section>
<section id="18264" fatherid="0" title="Notes" lv="" priority="-5" level="1">
</section>
<section id="18265" fatherid="0" title="References" lv="" priority="-6" level="1">
</section>
<section id="18266" fatherid="0" title="External links" lv="" priority="-7" level="1">
Category:1896 births
Category:1984 deaths
Category:Deaths from pneumonia
Category:Impostor pretenders
Category:Infectious disease deaths in Virginia
Category:People from Charlottesville, Virginia
Category:People from West Prussia
Category:Pretenders to the Russian throne

</section>
</document>
