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<title>Akhtar Hameed Khan</title>
<authors>Wikipedia</authors>
<publisher>wikipedia.org</publisher>
<publishedplace>network</publishedplace>
<publishedyear>2010</publishedyear>
<edition></edition>
<category>Pakistani scholars</category>
<section id="36263" fatherid="0" title="" lv="" priority="-1" level="1">
Akhter Hameed Khan (, ) (15 July 1914 – 9 October 1999) was a Pakistani development activist and social scientist credited for pioneering microcredit and microfinance initiatives, farmers' cooperatives, and rural training programmes in the developing world. He promoted participatory rural development in Pakistan and other developing countries, and widely advocated community participation in development. His particular contribution was the establishment of a comprehensive project for rural development, the Comilla Model (1959). It earned him the Ramon Magsaysay Award from the Philippines and an honorary Doctorate of Law from Michigan State University.
In the 1980s he started a bottom up community development initiative of Orangi Pilot Project, based in the outskirts of Karachi, which became a model of participatory development initiatives. He also directed many programmes, from microcredit to self-finance and from housing provision to family planning, for rural communities and urban slums. It earned him international recognition and high honours in Pakistan. Khan was fluent in at least seven languages and dialects. Apart from many scholarly books and articles, he also published a collection of poems and travelogues in Urdu.

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<section id="36264" fatherid="0" title="Early life" lv="" priority="2" level="1">
Khan was born on 15 July 1914 in Agra. He was among the four sons and three daughters of Khansaahib Ameer Ahmed Khan and Mehmoodah Begum.Yousaf (2003), p. 338.  His father, a police inspector, was inspired by the reformist thinking of Syed Ahmed Khan. In his early age, Khan's mother introduced him to the poetry of Maulana Hali and Muhammad Iqbal, the sermons of Abul Kalam Azad, and the Sufist philosophy of Rumi. This upbringing influenced his interest in historical as well as contemporary social, economic, and political affairs.Hasan (1996), pp. xiii–xiv.
Khan attended Government High School at Jalam (Uttar Pradesh), and completed his education in 1930 at Agra College where he studied English literature and history. He read English literature, history, and philosophy for a Bachelor of Arts degree at Meerut College in 1932. At that point, his mother was diagnosed with tuberculosis. She died in the same year at the age of 36.Yousaf (2003), pp. 339–340. Khan continued his studies and was awarded a Master of Arts in English Literature from Agra University in 1934. He worked as a lecturer at Meerut College before joining the Indian Civil Service (ICS) in 1936.Yousaf (2003), p. 345. As part of the ICS training, he was sent to read literature and history at Magdalene College, Cambridge, England. During the stay, he developed a close friendship with Choudhary Rahmat Ali.Yousaf (2003), p. 346.
Khan married Hameedah Begum (the eldest daughter of Allama Mashriqi) in 1940. Together, they had three daughters (Mariam, Amina, and Rasheeda) and a son (Akbar). After Hameedah Begum's death in 1966, he married Shafiq Khan and had one daughter, Ayesha.Yousaf (2003), pp. 342–43. During his ICS career, Khan worked as collector of revenue, a position that brought him into regular contact with living conditions in rural areas of East Bengal.Yousaf (2003), p. 347. The Bengal famine of 1943 and subsequent inadequate handling of the situation by the colonial rulers led him to resign from the Indian Civil Service in 1945. He wrote, "I realised that if I did not escape while I was young and vigorous, I will forever remain in the trap, and terminate as a bureaucratic big wig."BARD (1983), p. xii. During this period, he was influenced by the philosophy of Nietzsche and Mashriqi, and joined the Khaksar Movement. This attachment was brief. He quit the movement and turned to Sufism.Hussain, I (2006). A cause worth serving. DAWN Magazine. 24 December. Retrieved on 25 April 2008. According to Khan, "I had a profound personal concern; I wanted to live a life free from fear and anxiety, a calm and serene life, without turmoil and conflict. ... when I followed the advice of old Sufis and sages, and tried to curb my greed, my pride and aggression, fears, anxieties and conflict diminished."Khan (1996), p. 23.
For the next two years, Khan worked in Mamoola village near Aligarh as a labourer and locksmith, an experience that provided him with firsthand knowledge of the problems and issues of rural communities. In 1947, he took up a teaching position at the Jamia Millia, Delhi, where he worked for three years. In 1950, Khan migrated  to Pakistan to teach at Islamia College, Karachi. In the same year, he was invited by the Government of Pakistan to take charge as Principal of Comilla Victoria College in East Pakistan, a position he held until 1958. During this time (1950–58) he also served as President of the East Pakistan Non-Government Teachers' Association.Yousaf (2003), p. 348.

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<section id="36265" fatherid="0" title="Rural development initiatives" lv="" priority="3" level="1">
During his tenure as principal of Comilla Victoria College, Khan developed a special interest in grassroots actions. Between 1954 and 1955, he took a break to work as director of the Village Agricultural and Industrial Development (V-AID) Programme.V-AID was a government level attempt to promote citizens participation in the sphere of rural development in East and West Pakistan. It was launched in 1953 with technical assistance from the US government. However, he was not satisfied with the development approach adopted in the programme that was limited to the training of villagers.Chaudhuri (1969), p. 316. In 1958, he went to Michigan State University to acquire education and training in rural development.Yousaf (2003), p. 349. Returning in 1959, he established the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development (PARD) at Comilla on 27 May 1959 and was appointed as its founding director. He also laid foundations for the Comilla Cooperative Pilot Project in 1959.Stavis, B. (1985). Book Review of BARD (1983). Pacific Affairs, Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 727–28. Retrieved on 3 May 2008. In 1963, he received a Ramon Magsaysay Award from the Government of the Philippines for his services in rural development. Khan became Vice Chairman of the Board of Governors of PARD in 1964, and in the same year, was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Law by Michigan State University.Yousaf (2003), pp. 370–74. In 1969, he delivered a series of lectures at Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, based on his experience with rural cooperatives. During the visit, he established collaborative links with Arthur Lewis.Yousaf (2003), pp. 350–51.
On his return to East Pakistan, Khan remained attached to the Comilla Project until 1971 when East Pakistan became Bangladesh. Eventually, Khan moved to Pakistan. PARD was renamed as Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD).Khan spent a significant part of his life in Comilla. His residence was located in the Ranir Dighir Par area of the town, adjacent to Victoria College where he taught for a long time. As a gesture of respect for his contributions to the community, the Comilla-Kotbari road in Bangladesh was named after him.

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<section id="36266" fatherid="0" title="Advisory roles" lv="" priority="-4" level="1">
Following his move to Pakistan, Khan was asked to implement the Comilla Model in rural settlements of NWFP, Punjab, and Sindh. He declined the offer on the grounds that the proposals were predominantly motivated by political interests rather than the common well-being. However, he continued to advise the authorities on various aspects of rural development, such as participatory irrigation management.NRSP (2000), pp. 4–6. He worked as a research fellow at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad from 1971 to 1972, and as Director of Rural Economics Research Project at Karachi University from 1972 to 1973. Khan went to Michigan State University as a visiting professor in 1973 and remained there until 1979. During this time, he carried on advising the Rural Development Academy at Bogra in northern Bangladesh, and the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development, Peshawar, on the Daudzai Integrated Rural Development Programme. He also travelled extensively during this period in the capacities of speaker, advisor, or consultant on rural development programmes across the world.Yousaf (2003), p. 352. In 1974, he was appointed as a World Bank consultant to survey rural development situations in Java, Indonesia. He also briefly worked as a visiting professor at Lund University, Harvard University, and Oxford University.Yousaf (2003), pp. 352–53.
In 1980, Khan moved to Karachi and started working on the improvement of sanitary conditions in Karachi suburbs. He laid the foundations of the Orangi Pilot Project for the largest squatter community of Orangi in the city. He remained associated with this project until his death in 1999. Meanwhile, he maintained his support for rural communities around Karachi, and also helped to develop the Aga Khan Rural Support programme. OPP became a model for participatory bottom-up development initiatives.Uphoff, Norman (2001) Dr Akhter Hameed Khan: An Appreciation. Published in Yousaf (2003), pp. 409–13.

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<section id="36267" fatherid="0" title="Major development projects" lv="" priority="5" level="1">
<section id="36268" fatherid="36267" title="Comilla Cooperative Pilot Project" lv="" priority="1" level="2">
The Comilla Model (1959) was Khan's initiative in response to the failure of a Village Agricultural and Industrial Development (V-AID) programme that was launched in 1953 in East and West Pakistan with technical assistance from the US government. V-AID remained a government-level attempt to promote citizen participation in the sphere of rural development.Bhuiyani, A.H.A. et al. (2005). Developmentalism as a Disciplinary Strategy in Bangladesh. Modern Asian Studies Vol. 39, No. 2. pp. 349–368. Retrieved on 3 may 2008. Khan launched the project in 1959 on his return from Michigan, and developed a methodology of implementation in the areas of agricultural and rural development on the principle of grassroots-level participation.Raper (1970), p. vi. Initially, the aim was to provide a development model of programmes and institutions that could be replicated across the country. Advisory support in this respect was provided by experts from Harvard and Michigan State Universities, the Ford Foundation, and USAID.Yousaf (2003), pp. 370–71. Practical help was also sought from Japan to improve the local farming techniques.This helped to raise the annual yield of rice crops from 20 maunds (about 750 kilograms) per acre to 60 maunds (2,240 kilos) per acre (Yousaf 2003, p. 371)
Comilla Model simultaneously addressed the problems that were caused by the inadequacy of both local infrastructure and institutions through a range of integrated programmes.Khan, A.R. (1979). The Comilla model and the integrated rural development programme of Bangladesh: An experiment in `cooperative capitalism'. World Development. Vol. 7, No. 4–5. pp. 397–422. Retrieved on 6 May 2008. The initiatives included the establishment of: a training and development centre; a road-drainage embankment works programme; a decentralised, small scale irrigation programme; and, a two-tiered cooperative system with primary cooperatives operating in the villages, and federations operating at sub-district level.BARD (1983), Vol. II, p. 190.
After Khan's departure from Comilla, the cooperative's model failed in independent BangladeshKarim, M.B. (1985). Rural development projects — Comilla, Puebla, and Chilalo: A comparative assessment. Studies in Comparative International Development. Vol. 20, No. 4. pp. 3–41. because only a few occupational groups managed to achieve the desired success.Ahmed, S.H. (1995). Development Programs in Bangladesh: Hardware versus Software. Governance, Vol. 8, No. 2. pp. 281–92. By 1979, only 61 of the 400 cooperatives were functioning. The model actually fell prey to the ineffective internal and external controls, stagnation, and diversion of funds.Chowdhury (1990), p. 54. This prompted the subsequent scholars and practitioners in microfinance, such as Muhammad Yunus of Grameen Bank and Fazle Hasan Abed of BRAC, to abandon the cooperative approach in favour of more centralised control and service delivery structures. The new strategy targeted the poorest villagers, while excluding the 'less poor'. Dowla and Barua (2006), p. 18. However, Khan's leadership skills during the course of his association with the project remained a source of inspiration for these leaders.Valsan (2005), p. 49.

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<section id="36269" fatherid="36267" title="Orangi Pilot Project" lv="" priority="2" level="2">
The Orangi poverty alleviation project (known as the Orangi Pilot Project, or OPP) was initiated by Khan as an NGO in 1980.NGO Profile (1995), Orangi Pilot Project, Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 7, No. 2. pp. 227–37. Retrieved on 3 May 2008. Orangi is located on the northwest periphery of Karachi. At that time, it was the largest of the city's approximately 650 low-income squatter settlements (known as katchi abadi). The locality was first developed in 1963 as a government township of . The influx of migrants after the creation of Bangladesh swelled the settlement to about one million people crowded over an area of more than .WRI (1996). "6 City and community: Toward environmental sustainability: Box 6.2 The Orangi Pilot Project, Karachi, Pakistan" in World Resources 1996-97: The urban environment. World Resources Institute. Retrieved on 3 May 2008. The working class multi-ethnic population was predominantly composed of day labourers, skilled workers, artisans, small shopkeepers, peddlers and low-income white collar workers.Hasan (1994), p. 152. The project proved an impetus to the socio-economic development of the population of the area.Axinn, G.H. (1997). Book Review of Khan (1996). Agriculture and Human Values, Vol. 14, No. 2. p. 193. As the project director, Khan proved to be a dynamic and innovative leader.A Vision Unveiled (2006) A posthumous tribute to the man who silently brought about a social revolution in Pakistan.. NRSP — Institute of Rural Management. pp. 28–29. Retrieved on 3 May 2008. The project initially focused on creating a system of underground sewers, using local materials and labour, and succeeded in laying hundreds of kilometres of drainage pipes along with auxiliary facilities.TTE (2002). Return Of The Drain Gang - Pakistan. Television Trust for the Environment. Hands On, Series 3. Retrieved on 1 May 2008. Within a decade of the initiative, local residents had established schools, health clinics, women’s work centres, cooperative stores and a credit organisation to finance enterprise projects.Barmazel (2005), p. 191. By 1993, OPP had managed to provide low-cost sewers to more than 72,000 houses.Sir-Cam (2002) Cam Diary: The common man’s friend. Daily Times. 23 October 2002. Retrieved on 13 April 2008. The project subsequently diversified into a number of programmes, including a people's financed and managed low-cost sanitation programme; a housing programme; a basic health and family planning programme; a programme of supervised credit for small family enterprise units; an education programme; and a rural development programme in the nearby villages.Hasan (1996), p. xxii.
Comparing the OPP with Comilla project, Akhter Hameed Khan once commented:
The Orangi Pilot Project was very different from the Comilla Academy. OPP was a private body, dependent for its small fixed budget on another NGO. The vast resources and support of the government, Harvard advisors, MSU, and Ford Foundation was missing. OPP possessed no authority, no sanctions. It may observe and investigate but it could only advise, not enforce.Introduction about Late Dr. Akhter Hameed Khan at Government of Pakistan website. Retrieved on 15 February 2007.
The successful OPP model became an inspiration for other municipalities around the country. In 1999, Khan helped to create Lodhran Pilot Project (LPP) to collaborate with Lodhran municipal committee. Learning from past experiences, the project extended its scope to the whole town instead of concentrating on low-income settlements only. The municipal partnership was itself a new initiative that ensured wider civic cooperation.Hasan (2002), pp. 199–216.

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<section id="36270" fatherid="0" title="Death and legacy" lv="" priority="6" level="1">
In 1999, Khan was visiting his family in the United States when he suffered from kidney failure. He died of myocardial infarction on 9 October in Indianapolis at the age of 85. His body was flown to Karachi on 15 October, where he was buried on the grounds of the OPP office compound.Yousaf (2003), p. 386.
Khan's ideology and leadership skills were a source of inspiration for his students and colleagues, and continue to serve as guiding principles even after his death.Sobhan, R. (2006). Democratizing Development in South Asia: Responding to the Challenge of Globalization. Dhaka: Centre for Policy Dialogue. p. 1. Retrieved on 3 May 2008. Edgar Owens, who became an admirer of Khan's ideology while working at USAID's Asia Bureau, co-authored a book with Robert Shaw as a result of observations and discussions with Khan at Comilla Academy.Owens, E. and Shaw, R. (1974). Development Reconsidered: Bridging the Gap Between Government and People. Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0669817294.  A later study of various rural development experiences from South Asia, edited by Uphoff and Cambell (1983)Uphoff, N. and Campbell, R. (eds.) (1983). Rural Development and Local Organization in Asia, Vol. I. South Asia. London: Macmillan.  was jointly dedicated to Khan and Owens.Yousaf (2003), pp. 409–10.
Soon after Khan's death, on 10 April 2000, the Government of Pakistan renamed the National Centre for Rural Development the Akhter Hameed Khan National Centre for Rural Development and Municipal Administration. In the same year, the Akhter Hameed Khan Resource Centre was established in Islamabad, under the auspices of the Institute of Rural Management, as a repository of published and digital resources on rural development.AHK Resource Centre. NRSP - Institute of Rural Management. Retrieved on 13 April 2008. Later in 2005, the Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan, in collaboration with the National Rural Support Programme and other institutions, announced the Akhter Hameed Khan Memorial Award.Akhter Hameed Khan Memorial Award on COSS website. Retrieved on 13 April 2008. The annual cash award is given on Khan's birthday to a Pakistani author for a book on issues related to rural and urban development, peace, poverty alleviation, or gender discrimination. At the occasion of the award ceremony in 2006, a documentary film about the life and times of Akhter Hameed Khan was premiered.A Vision Unveiled, Premiere of a documentary film on Akhter Hameed Khan by Serendip Production. Retrieved on 3 May 2008. The film includes archival footage and interviews with family members, colleagues, and  contributors and beneficiaries of the Comilla and OPP projects.

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<section id="36271" fatherid="0" title="Awards and honours" lv="" priority="7" level="1">
Khan received the following civil awards:
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<section id="36272" fatherid="0" title="Publications" lv="" priority="-8" level="1">
<section id="36273" fatherid="36272" title="" lv="" priority="-1" level="2">
Khan was fluent in Arabic, Bengali, English, Hindi, Pali, Persian, and Urdu.Hasan (1996), p. xii. He wrote several reports and monographs, mostly relating to rural development in general or his various successful and model initiatives in particular. He also published collections of poems and travelogues in Urdu.
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<section id="36274" fatherid="36272" title="In English" lv="" priority="-2" level="2">
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<section id="36275" fatherid="36272" title="In Urdu" lv="" priority="-3" level="2">
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<section id="36276" fatherid="0" title="See also" lv="" priority="-9" level="1">
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<section id="36277" fatherid="0" title="Notes" lv="" priority="-10" level="1">
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<section id="36278" fatherid="0" title="References" lv="" priority="-11" level="1">
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<section id="36279" fatherid="0" title="External links" lv="" priority="-12" level="1">
Category:1914 births
Category:1999 deaths
Category:Cooperative organisers
Category:Development specialists
Category:Muhajir (Pakistan)
Category:Pakistani scientists
Category:Pakistani economists
Category:Pakistani scholars
Category:Muslim scholars
Category:Pakistani Muslims
Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims
Category:Nishan-e-Imtiaz
Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Category:Michigan State University alumni
Category:People from Agra
Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction

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